China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Corrosives
Published in Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach, Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach
Fluorine is used in organic synthesis. Hydrogen fluoride (hydrofluoric acid) is used in the petroleum and semiconductor industries and in etching glass. Cryolite (sodium aluminum fluoride) is used in aluminum reduction and many other industrial processes. Fluoride salts are used in the prevention of dental caries and in rodenticides. A 90 g tube of fluoride toothpaste contains 67 mg of fluoride. Methyl sulfonyl fluoride is used as a fumigant.
The Involvement of Adenylyl Cyclase And Cyclic Amp-Dependent Protein Kinases in Luteinizing Hormone Actions
Published in Mario Ascoli, Luteinizing Hormone Action and Receptors, 2019
Mary Hunzicker-Dunn, Lutz Birnbaumer
Addition of NaF to assays measuring cyclic AMP formation by complete NsNiC systems, as found in membranes, leads in all mammalian adenylyl cyclase systems studied (except that from sperm cells), to an increased rate of cyclic AMP formation. This stimulatory effect of NaF is absent in the Ns-deficient cyc- S49 membrane system and is restored upon readdition of pure Ns.107,108 Thus, Ns mediates not only stimulatory effects of guanine nucleotides, but also that of fluoride ion. Because of this, and before the discovery of Ni, Ns has also been abbreviated as G/F.107,108 It was recently shown that fluoride, to act, requires aluminum ion as a co-ion.109 The actions of NaF resemble those of the nonhydrolyzable GTP analogs in that they lead to a persisent activation of Ns and, as analyzed in detergent solutions with crude110 and pure31 Ns, it promotes the subunit dissociation of this protein. An analysis of the fate of the three subunits of Ns revealed that the αsβγ complex dissociates under the influence of NaF to give plus βγ.305 It is not known with which of these subunits fluoride interacts to activate and dissociate the Ns molecule. Like guanine nucleotide activation, fluoride activation of Ns, and in intact membranes of the intact adenylyl cyclase system,37 is dependent on and regulated in its rate by Mg. It is not clear whether activation by fluoride requires a guanine nucleotide to be present. Pure Ns can be activated merely by addition of aluminum fluoride and Mg.305 However, in turkey erythrocytes, a nucleotide requirement was reported.111
Hematological and immunological impairment following in-utero and postnatal exposure to aluminum sulfate in female offspring of albino rats
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2019
Aluminum constitutes the most abundant element in the earth's crust; approximately composing 8% of its weight [1]. It is present in the environment in many chemical forms, including aluminum sulfate, aluminum hydroxide, aluminosilicates, and aluminum fluoride [2]. Nowadays, aluminum is widely utilized and its compounds in many modern industrial fields, such as water sanitization, cooking substances, and pharmaceuticals, in addition to some vaccines as an adjuvant [3]. Exposure to aluminum occurs mainly via food and to less extent water; high concentrations of aluminum are also introduced in unprocessed foods (bread, cakes, biscuits, and some vegetables), and food contact materials like utensils and aluminum foils. Globally, many aluminum-containing food additives were permitted to be used in some foodstuffs as sweeteners and colorants, of these aluminum sulfates (E520–523) [4]. Aluminum consumption in children varies depending on daily dietary habits, but generally, intake in children tends to exceed the reference values (2 mg/kg bw/week) established by EFSA (The European Food Safety Authority) [5]and JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee) in 2011 [6]. Noteworthy, EFSA (2013) [7] has estimated the exposure to aluminum from five permitted food additives in European population groups including toddlers and children. Mean Al values ranged from 18.6 to 156.2 mg/kg bw/week and from 35.3 to 286.8 mg/kg bw/week at the 95th percentile. Both values from all assessed additives largely exceeded the provisional tolerable weekly reference value mentioned earlier.