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Anesthesia and Analgesia for Donkeys, Mules and Foals
Published in Michele Barletta, Jane Quandt, Rachel Reed, Equine Anesthesia and Pain Management, 2023
Tomas Williams, Michele Barletta
After sedation, induction can also be achieved with IV midazolam at 0.05 mg/kg followed by IV alfaxalone at 1 mg/kg. Time to standing may be longer and the quality of recovery a bit lower when compared to ketamine.
Anesthesia of Laboratory Rats
Published in Yanlin Wang-Fischer, Manual of Stroke Models in Rats, 2008
Yanlin Wang-Fischer, Lee Koetzner
Alphaxalone/alphadolone at 10 to 15 mg/kg i.v. or 25 to 30 mg/kg i.p. produces about 5 minutes of surgical anesthesia with a good degree of muscle relaxation. Anesthesia can be prolonged for up to 8 hours by administering 3 to 4 mg/kg by intravenous bolus every 15 to 20 minutes or 0.25 to 0.45 mg/kg by continuous intravenous infusion.
Synthesis, Enzyme Localization, and Regulation of Neurosteroids
Published in Sheryl S. Smith, Neurosteroid Effects in the Central Nervous System, 2003
steroid alphaxalone, J. Org. Chem., 60, 3619-3625, 1995. Covey, D.F., Han, M., Kumar, A.S., de La Cruz, M.A., Meadows, E.S., Hu, Y.,
Gavage approach to oxygen supplementation with oxygen therapeutic Ox66™ in a hypoventilation rodent model of respiratory distress
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2021
William H. Nugent, Danuel A. Carr, Rosa MacBryde, Erica D. Bruce, Bjorn K. Song
All pre-operative and surgical procedures occurred under anaesthesia. Animals were inducted with 1–5% isoflurane in air for initial pre-operative preparation and cannulations. Following surgical cannulation of the femoral vein, the anaesthetic plane was maintained with a continuous intravenous infusion (0.1 mg/kg/min) of alfaxalone acetate (Alfaxan, Schering-Plough Animal Health, Welwyn Garden City, UK) regulated by a syringe pump (Genie Touch™, Kent Scientific, Torrington, CT). A femoral artery cannula was connected to a pressure transducer for continuous monitoring of cardiovascular parameters (BIOPAC MP-150, BIOPAC Systems, Goleta, CA). The same femoral artery cannula was also used to collect blood samples for analysis of blood gases and chemistry (ABL90 Flex, Radiometer, Denmark). Cannulas were kept free of clots with heparinized phosphate-buffered saline (20 IU Heparin Sodium per ml; Pfizer, New York, NY, USA), which was not infused into the animal. A tracheal tube was inserted via tracheotomy to maintain airway patency, and animals continued to inspire room air without artificial ventilation until baseline (BL) metrics had been collected. Mechanical ventilation (RoVent® Jr, Kent Scientific, Torrington, CT) with medical air (21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen: Airgas, Radnor Township, PA, USA) through the tracheal tube was used to simulate the hypoxia in ARDS through a 40% reduction in respiratory tidal volume. A stomach tube was placed down the oesophagus for gavage.
Interactions of antiepileptic drugs with drugs approved for the treatment of indications other than epilepsy
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2020
Kinga K. Borowicz-Reutt, Stanisław J. Czuczwar, Marta Rusek
Alphaxalone has been examined alone and in combinations with chosen first-generation AEDs in four animal seizure models. Valproate, carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, and clonazepam were applied in amygdala-kindled rats and MES- and aminophylline-induced convulsions in mice. Ethosuximide was used instead of carbamazepine and phenytoin in the PTZ seizure test in mice. Obtained results revealed that alphaxalone (up to 5 mg/kg) remained ineffective against PTZ- and aminophylline-induced convulsions in mice. No effect was also observed in amygdala-kindled rats. However, when applied at the dose of 2.5 mg/kg, alphaxalone significantly raised the threshold for electroconvulsions in mice. Surprisingly, this anesthetic administered at its protective dose of 2.5 mg/kg significantly reduced the antielectroshock effect of valproate. A similar effect caused by this neuroactive steroid (2.5–5 mg/kg) on valproate was observed against PTZ-induced seizures in mice. No more significant interactions were observed between alphaxalone and other AEDs in this study. Interestingly, alphaxalone significantly elevated free plasma concentrations of valproate, strongly suggesting that the decrease in the protective action of valproate in two seizure models is not due to pharmacokinetic phenomena [89].
Systemic and microvascular comparison of Lactated Ringer’s solution, VIR-HBOC, and alpha-alpha crosslinked haemoglobin-based oxygen carrier in a rat 10% topload model
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2020
Bjorn K. Song, W. Richard Light, Kim D. Vandegriff, Joe Tucker, William H. Nugent
Animals were induced to anaesthesia with 1–5% isoflurane in air for initial pre-operative preparation and cannulations. Anaesthetic, alfaxalone acetate (Alfaxan, Schering-Plough Animal Health, Welwyn Garden City, UK), was infused continuously intravascularly at 0.1 mg/kg/min through a femoral vein cannula. Alfaxan is ideal for physiological studies focussed on cardiopulmonary and vascular function since it is minimally depressive per an appropriate anaesthetic depth—heel but not toe pinch response. The continuous rate of infusion allows for better control and consistency compared to bolus infusions. It has been used by our group in multiple topload and long term rat studies [19,20,24–27] and recently in an unpublished swine model of haemorrhagic shock. A femoral artery cannula, which was not used for infusion and kept patent with heparinized phosphate-buffered saline (20 IU heparin/mL), was connected to a pressure transducer for monitoring of systemic circulatory variables with a multichannel physiological monitoring system (BIOPAC MP-150, BIOPAC Systems, Goleta, CA). The jugular vein was cannulated for TL fluid infusions. A tracheal tube (PE-240) was inserted to maintain airway patency; animals continued to inspire room air and were not artificially ventilated. After experimentation, animals were euthanized with a dose of Euthasol (150 mg/kg, pentobarbital component, intravenously; Delmarva, Midlothian, Virginia).