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Cholinergic Agonists
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Rupali Patil, Aman Upaganlawar
The carbamate insecticides used extensively as garden insecticides are carbaryl, aldicarb, and propoxur that inhibit ChE in a pattern similar to other carbamoylation inhibitors. The symptoms of poisoning closely resemble those of the OPs (Baron, 1991; Ecobichon, 2000). Carbaryl has particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption. It is used topically for control of head lice in some countries. Not all carbamates in garden formulations are ChE inhibitors; the dithiocarbamates are fungicidal (Brunton, 2011).
The safety and quality of food
Published in Geoffrey P. Webb, Nutrition, 2019
Most experts believe that the residues of agricultural chemicals in foods represent no significant hazard to consumers when current regulations are adhered to and most cases of acute poisoning resulting from the ingestion of agricultural chemical have arisen because of their misuse including the examples listed as follows. Confusion of an agricultural chemical with a common, harmless food ingredient like sugar or salt.Eating of seeds intended for planting and treated with a fungicide. In the late 1950s more than 3000 people in Turkey were affected by hexachlorobenzene poisoning after eating seed grain intended for planting. The symptoms included hair loss, ulcerated skin lesions, liver and thyroid enlargement and there was a 10% mortality rate. This chemical is now officially banned. Agricultural misuse of a chemical. In 1985 in the USA, almost 1400 people became ill after eating watermelons which had been treated with an insecticide called aldicarb, resulting in symptoms that included nausea, diarrhoea, headache, blurred vision and disturbances of balance. Use of this insecticide on watermelons is banned because it is known to become concentrated in the edible part of the fruit.
Insecticides
Published in Frank A. Barile, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
As with the OP compounds, the carbamates are used as household and agricultural insecticides. The incidence of toxicity, routes of exposure, modes of encountering the agents, and distribution are similar to those of the OPs. Most carbamates display low dermal toxicity, except for aldicarb, which is highly toxic by both oral ingestion and dermal contact.
Isocyanate induces cytotoxicity via activation of phosphorylated alpha synuclein protein, nitrosative stress, and apoptotic pathway in Parkinson’s Disease model-SHSY-5Y cells
Published in Neurological Research, 2023
In this investigation, NSMC-induced cellular toxicity in SHSY-5Y cells was evaluated by the MTT assay. Our results demonstrated that NSMC incited cytotoxicity in a concentration‐and time‐dependent way. Our findings are in agreement with a study conducted by Panwar et al. [19] which showed that NSMC induces cell death in cultured human lymphocytes in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Also, Azad et al. [20] revealed that NSMC caused a dose‐dependent decrease in cell viability of budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells. Another study done by Ruiz et al. [24] showed that one of the carbamate pesticides, aldicarb, showed cellular toxicity through MTT assay in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Our results revealed that a concentration above 0.1 µM induces much more cytotoxicity as compared to lower concentrations of NSMC. A study by Mishra et al. [25] showed that a 0.005 µM concentration of NSMC induces cell death in cultured NIH3T3 mouse cells. They linked cell death with the activation of DNA damage pathways.
Toxicological and biochemical studies for chlorpyrifos insecticide on some mosquito larvae and their associated predators
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Shaimaa H. Mohammed, Randa I. Eltaly, Hend H. Salem
The results agree with [43], who suggested that occurrence of OP have great risk to all aquatic environments. Inhibition (AChE) is a specific target site to both OP and carbamate insecticides, like OP pesticide chlorpyrifos, aldicarb also affects acetylcholinesterase activity [44]. As well as, GST are most important detoxifying enzymes [45], so the mode of action of insecticides is responsible the toxicity degree to all organisms. Aquatic insects usually have high susceptibility to most types of insecticides because they have many physiological features share with the target insects [39].