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Natural Products as an Effective Treatment Option for Depression
Published in Vikas Kumar, Addepalli Veeranjaneyulu, Herbs for Diabetes and Neurological Disease Management, 2018
Yogesh Anant Kulkarni, Kalyani Himanshu Barve, Ginpreet Kaur
Adhyperforin is another phytoconstituent of H. perforatum L., likely to have anti-depressant activity by inhibiting the uptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine but the exact mechanism remains unclear.40
Complementary and integrative therapies II
Published in Kathleen A. Kendall-Tackett, Depression in New Mothers, 2016
Researchers still do not understand the exact mechanism for St. John’s wort’s antidepressant effect. Researchers have recognized hyperforin as the possible antidepressant constituent (Lawvere & Mahoney, 2005; Wurglies & Schubert-Zsilavecz, 2006). Hyperforin appears to inhibit the reuptake of the monoamines and GABAergic activity (Deligiannidis & Freeman, 2014). It may relieve depression by preventing the reuptake of serotonin, the same mechanism as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs, e.g. fluoxetine, sertraline). Indeed, only hyperforin (and its structural analogue, adhyperforin) inhibit neurotransmitter reuptake (Muller, 2003).
Atlas of Autofluorescence in Plant Pharmaceutical Materials
Published in Victoria Vladimirovna Roshchina, Fluorescence of Living Plant Cells for Phytomedicine Preparations, 2020
Victoria Vladimirovna Roshchina
Common St. John’s wort, Hypericum perforatum, is known as a medicinal plant from the family Hypericaceae, which has been used as an anti-inflammatory, binder/astringent, and antiseptic for treating diarrhea and colitis as well as for rinsing and lubricating gums in stomatology (Newall et al. 2002; Duke 2002; Ernst 2003; Rao et al. 2005; Murav’eva et al. 2007). It may be used as an antidepressant (Chatterjee et al. 1998). A broad spectrum of biological activities, including against AIDS, was declared by Lavie and coauthors (1995), who described the main mechanism of cellular damage due to activation by light that led to the production of free oxygen or/and semiquinone-type radicals responsible for the virucidal effects. Scientific medicine recommends St. John’s wort preparations both externally and internally for soothing. Folk medicine uses the red, oily extract of H. perforatum to treat and heal wounds (Samadi et al. 2010; Süntar et al. 2010). St. John’s wort oil is a radical treatment for burns over a large area of tissue destruction, even if two-thirds of the body surface is affected. Standardized preparations are commercially available, and most research has studied alcoholic extracts and isolated compounds. Two main compounds are found in Hypericum species, considered as active materials with antibiotic properties (Liu et al. 2005): the red-colored anthraquinone hypericin (Brockmann et al. 1950) and the colorless prenylated phloroglucinol hyperforin (Bystrov et al. 1975, 1976), as well as some flavonoids. Their properties have been studied for application to medicine (Schulz et al. 2005). The main pigment of oil ducts, colored red, is used as a medical drug (Kariotti and Bilia 2010). According to Vattikuti and Ciddi (2005), the herb contains (%) up to: pseudohypericin (5–6); protohypericin (7–8); phloroglucinol derivatives such as hyperforin and furohyperforin (9); adhyperforin (10); xanthones (11); essential oil (12); α- and β-monoterpenes, pinenes, limonene, and sesquiterpenes (13); flavonols: catechins (14); flavonoids, including hyperoside (15); quercetin and quercetrin (17); rutin (16); biapigenin (18); and kaempferol (19–20). Red pigments related to hypericins accumulate in oil glands, pistils, and fruits, probably as a plant defensive compound.
Evaluation of the Herb-Drug Interaction Potential of Commonly Used Botanicals on the US Market with Regard to PXR- and AhR-Mediated Influences on CYP3A4 and CYP1A2
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2023
Mona H. Haron, Olivia Dale, Katherine Martin, Bharathi Avula, Amar G. Chittiboyina, Ikhlas A. Khan, Bill J. Gurley, Shabana I. Khan
To date, following oral administration, the most clinically relevant and commonly encountered HDIs are those involving induction of CYP and efflux transporter (i.e., ATP-binding cassette transporters) activity, which are best exemplified by those involving H. perforatum (19). The scope and frequency of clinically relevant HDIs caused by concomitant ingestion of H. perforatum with prescription medications can be traced to hyperforin and adhyperforin, two phytochemicals unique to H. perforatum that are potent ligands for hPXR (20–22). In our continued quest to address the safety of botanical ingredients in various matrices, 30 top-selling botanicals were probed for their ability to activate hPXR and hAhR and determine if another St. John’s wort-like supplement might be lurking unrecognized in the marketplace. Although the HDI potential of St. John’s wort is well known, we included it in our survey to serve as a positive control for hPXR activation. With that in mind, a subsidiary goal of this endeavor was to identify botanicals that posed minimal HDI risks, as this information is equally important to health care professionals.
Straightforward Preparation of Naphtodianthrone-Rich Ethanolic Extracts from Wild St. John’s Wort
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2020
Carmen Elena Ţebrencu, Tanţa-Verona Iordache, Elena Ionescu, Ruxandra Mihaela Creţu, Ana-Mihaela Florea, Sandu Teodor, Steluta Apostol, Anamaria Zaharia, Anita-Laura Radu, Andrei Sârbu
Newly reported procedures use methanol/ethanol as extraction solvents with the aid of Soxhlet (Azwanida 2015), supercritical fluid extraction (Mannila et al. 2002), or pressurized water extraction (Mannila and Wai 2003) to separate naphtodianthrones (NTs) or hyperforin from Hypericum perforatum L. to obtain various formulas of liquid extracts. In this context, Soxhlet extraction with methanol was extensively described for the extraction of plant material from commercial formulas of St. John's Wort (Cossuta et al. 2012; Derun et al. 2013). The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method with neat CO2 was optimized for the selective removal of hyperforin and adhyperforin from St. John’s Wort. The literature also described an improved extraction method for NTs from the fresh plant material, which involved removing the chlorophyll followed by a second extraction of remaining plant material with acetone (Sirvent and Gibson 2000; Sirvent et al. 2002). Another study described an efficient separation of NTs using methanol Soxhlet extraction (Williams et al. 2006). Therefore, some of the studies led to improvements of the final liquid extracts, in terms of yield and purity, but after complicated procedures (such as 10 methanol extraction cycles). Nevertheless, methanol and acetone are not the friendliest solvents to have in medicinal formulations. Plus, the low content of NTs, approximately 0.06%–0.4% (Nahrstedt and Butterwick 1997; EMA 2008) resulted from Hypericum perforatum L., makes the extraction process very complicated and expensive (Smelcerovic et al. 2002), as the NTs are light sensible substances.