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Miscellaneous Applications
Published in Vlado Valković, Low Energy Particle Accelerator-Based Technologies and Their Applications, 2022
Hotchkis et al. (2010) described the capability of AMS system at Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, ANSTO. The commissioning of a fast isotope cycling system for actinides has led to improved precision, with reproducibility of 4% for actinide isotope ratios. The background level for the key rare isotope 236U is found to be 8.8 fg, for total uranium content in the ng range, and is limited by 236U contamination rather than ion misidentification. For plutonium, the background is at the low fg level.
How Nanoparticles Are Generated
Published in Antonietta Morena Gatti, Stefano Montanari, Advances in Nanopathology From Vaccines to Food, 2021
Antonietta Morena Gatti, Stefano Montanari
Uranium is a metal belonging to the actinide series of the periodic table with 92 protons and as many electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. All its isotopes are unstable, and for that reason, uranium is weakly radioactive.
Biokinetic Models
Published in Shaheen A. Dewji, Nolan E. Hertel, Advanced Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 2019
The physiologically based modeling scheme applied in Publication 68 and in the Publication 72 series to selected elements is illustrated in Figure 6.18 , which shows the generic model structure used for the actinide elements thorium, neptunium, plutonium, americium, and curium. In updated ICRP documents on occupational or environmental intakes of radionuclides, this model structure is applied to a larger set of elements that exhibit generally similar behavior in the body, including additional actinide elements and all lanthanide elements.
Effect of a novel polyethylene glycol compound on lung lavage in dogs after the inhalation of depleted uranium dust
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2018
Jiong Ren, Yuhui Hao, Rui Gao, Ying Zhang, Yonghong Ran, Jing Liu, Xiaotian Dai, Wei Xiong, Yongping Su, Rong Li
Few reports are available regarding decorporation of insoluble radionuclides in the lungs. Existing studies often focus on decorporation of U that has been absorbed into the blood (Fattal et al. 2015). Fukuda et al. (2009) demonstrated that a subcutaneous injection of uranyl (4 or 16 mg/kg body weight) caused severe injury at the injection site and organ injury within a short period. The U-induced injury was markedly alleviated by timely treatment through a subcutaneous injection of catechol-3,6-bis(methyleiminodiacetic acid) (CBMIDA) within 120 min after the DU exposure. Moreover, if rats were given a single injection of DU at 8 mg/kg, oral CBMIDA had a significant effect on decorporation and detoxification. Sawicki et al. (2008) observed the effect of the chelator bisphosphonate on the decorporation of hexavalent U. These authors found that bisphosphonate reduced the uranyl concentration in the body and increased its excretion by 10%. Additionally, Yantase et al. (2010) reported that silica mesoporous materials can be used to selectively remove actinide elements, such as U, Pu, Am and Th, from the blood; such materials are non-toxic and thus add no burden to the kidneys. Yapar et al. (2010) verified that a leaf extract from Ginkgo biloba can be used to protect against U-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats; the protective effect is associated with the dose of Ginkgo biloba leaves. Moreover, Pourahmad et al. (2011) proposed that a carbohydrate (β-(1->3)-D-glucan) with a free radical scavenging capacity can effectively protect rat liver cells in vitro and prevent cell autolysis and oxidative damage caused by DU exposure. In the present study, it provides a new way to prevent DU toxicity.
Physical and elemental analysis of Middle East sands from recent combat zones
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2020
Lindsay T. McDonald, Steven J. Christopher, Steve L. Morton, Amanda C. LaRue
Elemental analysis was performed using microwave-assisted acid digestion followed by ICP-MS (Supplemental Table 1). Data were contextualized using fold change analyses (Tables 2 and 3) identified by Metaboanalyst software (Chong et al. 2019) and was graphically represented by volcano plot depicting sands that exhibited the highest mass fraction in the Iraq sand (Figure 3) or Afghanistan sand (Figure 4) samples versus the control U.S. sand sample. Elements identified in the upper right quadrants of the volcano plots (Figures 3 and 4), were present in the highest mass fraction and were present at highest levels (p value) in comparison to the U.S. sand sample, as shown in the table of important features identified (Tables 2 and 3). Elements in Iraq or Afghanistan sands sampled with the highest mass fraction (≥1.5-fold) over all other sands sampled are summarized in Table 4(A). While not a comprehensive list, many of the trace elements identified in this analysis have commonly been associated with lung pathologies (Table 4(B)) (Tables 2–4; Figures 3 and 4). The mass fractions of calcium (Figure 5(A)), cobalt and copper were highest in the Iraq sand sample (Figure 5(B)) with cobalt being 23-fold higher than U.S. historic site sand and 132-fold over Afghanistan sand. While low in mass fraction, levels of cadmium were also elevated in comparison to Afghanistan and U.S. sand samples (Figure 5(B)). In Afghanistan sand, lanthanide and actinide series elements (rare earth metals) were present at the highest mass fractions versus Iraq sand or U.S. historic site sand (Figure 6(A)). Afghanistan sand also contained radioactive elements. Thorium was 31-fold higher than U.S. historic site sand and 6-fold over Iraq sand. Uranium was also present at 6-fold over U.S. historic site and 2-fold over Iraq sand (Figure 6(B)).
Radium dial workers: back to the future
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Nicole E. Martinez, Derek W. Jokisch, Lawrence T. Dauer, Keith F. Eckerman, Ronald E. Goans, John D. Brockman, Sergey Y. Tolmachev, Maia Avtandilashvili, Michael T. Mumma, John D. Boice, Richard W. Leggett
The early health studies were revived by the Atomic Energy Commission following World War II, partly because of the importance of radium studies in predicting the health effects of plutonium, a new bone-seeking alpha-emitting radionuclide. In 1969, the three major human studies of radium were centralized at Argonne National Laboratory, following an initial proposal made by Dr. Robley D. Evans as to the need for a National Center of Human Radiobiology. Evans was a physicist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who made substantial contributions to the radium studies starting in the early 1930s, fresh out of graduate school, through his retirement in 1972. The Argonne program was terminated in the early 1990s and materials were transferred to Washington State University and stored at the National Human Radiobiology Tissue Repository (NHRTR) in Richland WA (Rowland 1994). The United States Transuranium and Uranium Registries (USTUR) research program is a federal-grant-funded human tissue research program providing long-term study of actinide biokinetics in former nuclear workers with accidental internal depositions of these elements. The USTUR conducts autopsies and performs radiochemical analyses of voluntarily donated tissue samples (Kathren and Tolmachev 2019; Tolmachev et al. 2019). NHRTR holds all tissues donated to the USTUR, along with specimens acquired from the US Radium Worker Studies (Rowland 1994). The USTUR/NHRTR is a unique resource for retrospective analyses and distribution studies of plutonium, uranium, americium, radium, and barium in the human whole body, as well as in specific tissues and organs. In fact, the USTUR repository contains 1000s of specimens from the radium dial workers and has been accessed to help inform dosimetric models, e.g. radiochemical determination of radium in brain tissue of a painter (Leggett et al. 2018; Kathren and Tolmachev 2019; Tolmachev et al. 2019)