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Agro-Technology of Important Medicinal Plants
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Nikita Patel, Swetal Patel, Abdullahi A. AbdulRahaman, Ramar Krishnamurthy
Since it is a vegetative propagating plant through rhizome (Figure 25.2Hi), the laboratory (TCT) is desirable only in research and large-scale propagating of the most elite planting materials and superior accessions. In commercial cultivation, the crop requires frequent irrigations with a recommended dose of fertilizers and other field management practices for maximum yield and rhizome quality. The rhizomes mature and are ready to harvest at 12 months under regular cultivation practice and field management. The Vacha crop recorded 16,470–27,310 kg/ha fresh rhizome yield at 12 months under the well-planned adaptation of cultivation practices. The Indian domestic consumption of Acorus calamus root is estimated as high as 500–1,000 MT dry rhizome annually (Tiwari et al., 2012; Krishnamurthy and Kasture, 2015).
Inflammatory Biomarkers: An Important Tool for Herbal Drug Discovery
Published in Mahfoozur Rahman, Sarwar Beg, Mazin A. Zamzami, Hani Choudhry, Aftab Ahmad, Khalid S. Alharbi, Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery, 2022
Mahfoozur Rahman, Ankit Sahoo, Mohammad Atif, Sarwar Beg
In the Ayurveda medicine system, Acorus calamus has been used for the treatment of behavior changes, memory loss, and for learning performance. Acorus calamus L. inhibits the AChE. It contains a majority of asarone (Karunanayaka et al., 1984). Acorus calamus also shows anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular, immune-suppressive, antioxidant, antispasmodic, hypolipidemic, antimicrobial, antidiarrheal, anthelmintic, and cytoprotective.
Monographs of essential oils that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Acorus calamus L. or ‘sweet flag’ is a reed-like semiaquatic perennial plant, which is native to India. It is found growing wild in abundance there, ascending to 2200 meters in the Himalayas. It also grows in the temperate zones of Europe, East Asia and North America. Calamus inhabits perpetually wet areas such as the banks of streams and rivers and around ponds, lakes, and swamps. The stout aromatic roots of A. calamus spread horizontally (rhizomes) and can grow to almost 0.5-1.25 m in length (1,2,3). It is cultivated in South Africa (GRIN Taxonomy for Plants).
Volatile, non-volatile composition and insecticidal activity of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng against diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), and aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2019
Olonisakin Adebisi, Shudh Kirti Dolma, Praveen Kumar Verma, Bikram Singh, S. G. Eswara Reddy
The residual toxicity assay of EO, hexane, and methanol fractions of E. adenophorum against second instar larvae of P. xylostella and adults of A. craccivora in terms of LC50 and LT50 to kill 50% of the test insect relative control values and other statistical parameters generated by linear regression analysis is summarized and presented in Tables 5–7. Results showed that, EO showed more toxicity to larvae of P. xylostella within 24 (LC50 = 3176.54 mg L−1) as compared to hexane and methanol fractions via residual toxicity assay. Our results are in agreement with the findings of others who reported the efficacy of EOs against other lepidopteran larvae. Patchouli oil was found to be the most toxic to larvae of the leaf roller, Choristoneura rosaceana, whereas garlic oil was the most toxic to larvae of Trichoplusia ni followed by patchouli oil and lemongrass oil (Machial et al.2010). In similar study Reddy et al. (2016), reported that the EO of Acorus calamus (LC50 = 0.29 mg L−1) showed more toxic to larvae of P. xylostella and was followed by Cedrus deodara (LC50 = 1.08 mg L−1), and Murraya koenigii (LC50 = 1.93 mg L−1).
Taishan Pinus massoniana Pollen Polysaccharides Enhance Immune Responses in Chickens Infected by Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup B
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2018
Shifa Yang, Guiming Li, Zengcheng Zhao, Zhongli Huang, Jian Fu, Minxun Song, Shuqian Lin, Ruiliang Zhu
Various polysaccharides isolated from plants and microorganisms have been used as effective biological response modifiers against cancer, immunodeficiency, and chronic infection (Feng et al., 2015; Ling et al., 2011). Many plant polysaccharides have been extensively investigated because of their potential immunostimulatory activity. For example, analysis of the immunomodulatory properties of polysaccharides DOP-1 and DOP-2 isolated from the stem of Dendrobium officinale (DOP) showed that the former could significantly promote splenocyte proliferation and NK cell cytotoxicity, whereas the latter played an important role in macrophage activation (Xia et al., 2012). Water-soluble polysaccharides obtained from Acorus calamus L. have been shown to be able to activate macrophages and stimulate Th1 response (Belska et al., 2010). Our previous studies indicated that natural nontoxic polysaccharides derived from Taishan Pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharide (TPPPS) could enhance the production performance and immunological function in rabbits and chickens (Wei et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2014). Furthermore, TPPPS, when used as immunoadjuvant, could significantly improve the effects of different vaccines against Proteus mirabilis, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and recombinant Bordetella avium ompA (Cui et al., 2013; Wei et al., 2011; Zhao et al., 2013). However, whether TPPPS could attenuate immunosuppression caused by ALV-B in chickens is unknown.
Potential anticancer activity of biogenic silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Rhynchosia suaveolens: an insight into the mechanism
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Murali Satyanarayana Bethu, Vasudeva Reddy Netala, Latha Domdi, Vijaya Tartte, Venkateswara Rao Janapala
The anticancer activity of RS-AgNPs was determined by the MTT assay by measuring the percentage of cell viability (live cells) and IC50 values were calculated for each cell line (Figure 4). FDA approved drug molecule doxorubicin was used as a positive control. RS-AgNPs exhibited concentration-dependent potential cytotoxicity against DU145 and PC3, SKOV3 and A549 cells. RS-AgNPs induced 50% cytotoxicity against DU14, PC-3, SKOV3 and A549 at the concentrations of 4.35, 7.72, 4.2 and 24.7 μg/mL, respectively. Lower IC50 value indicates highest inhibitory activity. Hence, RS-AgNPs were more cytotoxic against SKOV3 cells, followed by DU14, PC3 and A549. It is evident from the results that RS-AgNPs exhibit highest inhibition against SKOV3 cells with an IC50 value of 4.2 µg/mL. Nevertheless, these RS-AgNPs are 16-fold less toxic to most common mammalian cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The results are supported by previous findings. Biogenic AgNPs from the leaf extract of Olax scandens exhibited potent cytotoxicity against A549, B16F10 (mouse melanoma) and MCF-7 (Human breast cancer), but showed negligible cytotoxicity towards normal cell lines including CHO, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and rat cardiomyoblast (H9C2) cells [10]. Biosynthesized AgNPs from Clerodendrum phlomidis exhibited potent cytotoxicity against HT29 human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT29) and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma(EAC) cells [52]. Biosynthesized AgNPs from Cibotium barometz and Chaenomeles sinensis showed anticancer activity against MCF-7 cells [27,28]. AgNPs synthesized with leaf extract of Sesbania grandiflora showed potent cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells [53]. Biogenic AgNPs from rhizome extract of Acorus calamus demonstrated to be cytotoxic against A431 carcinoma cells [54].