China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Carnitine: Although the mechanisms by which carnitine provides neurological protection are unknown, a systematic review of the literature confirmed that L-acetylcarnitine is promising as a safe and effective treatment for HE.3,4 L-carnitine or a placebo was administered to 120 patients with hepatic encephalopathy for 60 days. Fasting serum ammonia levels were significantly lower at 30 and 60 days compared to baseline and placebo. Mental function was also significantly improved by L-carnitine in cirrhotic patients.5
Micronutrient Supplementation and Ergogenesis — Metabolic Intermediates
Published in Luke Bucci, Nutrients as Ergogenic Aids for Sports and Exercise, 2020
Exercise of sufficient intensity and duration produces large decreases in plasma486,490–492,501–503,916,918 and muscle491,919–924 free carnitine levels. For example, after a 13-h cross-country ski race, muscle free carnitine levels from 18 skiers decreased by 20%.924 Simultaneously, increases of plasma486,490–493,501–503,916,923 muscle919–924 acylcarnitine levels are produced by exercise. For example, after 3 to 4 min of cycle ergometry at 90% VO2max, muscle acetylcarnitine levels rose from 6.0 to 15.2 mmol/kg dry weight.922 Urine output of short-chain acylcarnitines has been observed after strenuous training.923,925
Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency
Published in William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop, Atlas of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, 2020
William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop
Dynamic acetylation and deacetylation of nuclear histones is essential for regulating the access of chromosomal DNA to transcriptional machinery. The source of acetylCoA for histone acetylation in mammalian cell nuclei is not clear. Acetylcarnitine formed in mitochondria is transported into cytosol by carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase, and then enters the nucleus, where it is converted to acetylCoA by a nuclear carnitine acetyltransferase and becomes a source of acetyl groups for histone acetylation. Genetic deficiency of the translocase markedly reduced the mitochondrial acetylcarnitine-dependent nuclear histone acetylation, indicating the significance of the carnitine-dependent mitochondrial acetyl group contribution to histone acetylation [39].
Logistic role of carnitine shuttle system on radiation-induced L-carnitine and acylcarnitines alteration
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
CrAT is highly enriched in muscle and heart and localized to the mitochondrial matrix (Figure 2). This enzyme converts excess acetyl-CoAs to acetylcarnitine, facilitating the export of acetyl-CoA from mitochondrial to the cytosol and buffering the pools of intracellular acetyl-CoA (Muoio et al. 2012). Acetylcarnitine in blood and tissues has emerged as a biomarker of energy surplus (Seiler et al. 2015). The intermediates of the TCA cycle and the activity of the TCA cycle were decreased after irradiation (Tyburski et al. 2008; Akpolat et al. 2013; Pannkuk et al. 2019b). The elevation of acetyl-CoA might reflect the inhibition of TCA by radiation. CrAT deficiency leads to accumulating acetyl-CoA, which may further affect the activity of CACT, finally alters the L-carnitine and acylcarnitines profiles.
Current and emerging medical therapeutic agents for idiopathic male infertility
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2019
Ylenia Duca, Aldo E. Calogero, Rossella Cannarella, Rosita A. Condorelli, Sandro La Vignera
Carnitine is a carboxylic acid and short chain amino acid, belonging to the methylamine family. It is a carrier that conveys fatty acids inside the mitochondria to be used for the ATP production. In humans, carnitine is present in two main forms: L-carnitine and L-acetylcarnitine [85]. L-carnitine has also antiapoptotic effects, due to the ability to inhibit programmed cell death mediated by FAS-FAS ligand and caspase 3, 7, and 8 [86].