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Cellular Injury Associated with Organ Cryopreservation: Chemical Toxicity and Cooling Injury
Published in John J. Lemasters, Constance Oliver, Cell Biology of Trauma, 2020
Gregory M. Fahy, Carla da Mouta, Latchezar Tsonev, Bijan S. Khirabadi, Patrick Mehl, Harold T. Meryman
DMSO is not the only component of our cryoprotectant formulae, and the toxic effects of propylene glycol and formamide are also of interest. Virtually nothing is known of the toxic mechanisms of either solute, but Figure 6demonstrates that whatever the mechanism of toxicity of formamide may be, it can be completely reversed by the addition of DMSO. This protection appears specific to formamide since addition of DMSO to ethylene diamine (a highly toxic glass-forming agent) or to 2,3-butanediol39 exacerbated rather than reduced injury. Acetamide, which differs from formamide only by the addition of a methyl group, is dramatically less toxic than formamide, and in fact, a toxic level of acetamide has not yet been found. Addition of DMSO to acetamide produced a net increase in injury at total concentrations similar to those found to be protective in the case of formamide. Since DMSO and formamide do not hydrogen bond with one another at the temperature of exposure pertinent to Figure 6, neutralization of formamide toxicity by DMSO must be via actions of these agents on a common cell constituent or constituents that remain to be identified.
Humectants in Personal Care Formulation: A Practical Guide
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
Acetamide MEA is the aliphatic amide of acetic acid and monoethanolamine.. It has very good toxicological properties, with a primary eye irritation index, a skin irritation index of zero, and an LD50 of >24 g/kg. As presented to the personal care formulator, it is a clear liquid with a yellow cast that has a slight acetic acid odor. It is typically available as a 70% active aqueous solution.
Alternatives to Glycerine in Cosmetics
Published in Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag, Glycerine, 2018
Acetamide MEA is a clear liquid when supplied as 70% aqueous solution with zero skin and eye irritation and an oral LD50 (rats) of 24.8 g/kg. It has been shown to have counterirritant properties. especially with respect to sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). Significant reductions in eye irritation scores are seen with equal active mixtures of acetamide MEA and SLS [59].
Recent advances in mycobacterial membrane protein large 3 inhibitor drug design for mycobacterial infections
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2023
E. Jeffrey North, Chris P. Schwartz, Helen I. Zgurskaya, Mary Jackson
Most recently, an acetamide scaffold was identified through a screen and from rational drug design [25,71]. The acetamide scaffold is similar to many other discussed scaffolds in that it has the two nitrogen atoms acting as H-bond donors in between the large hydrophobic and aromatic groups [Figure 4B] [25,71]. These compounds are related to the ICs by the deletion of the C3 carbon to allow more freedom of rotation. The compounds that have been synthesized and tested with this scaffold show some activity, but further development is needed [Table 3]. The acetamides follow a similar SAR as the urea and IC series, primarily with the bulky lipophilic head group, with lead acetamides having adamantyl (55), substituted cyclohexanes (56, 57), and cycloheptanes. Preliminary SAR developed thus far has shown that meta-substitutions with electron withdrawing groups (55, 57) achieve the most potent MIC values. Para-substitutions (58) were effective, but not as potent. Similar to the urea series, ortho-substitution was generally not well tolerated, except for chloro groups (56). The acetamides have improved aqueous solubility over the urea-, benzimidazole-, benzothiazole-, and IC-based compounds, thus, further preclinical development is highly warranted.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel (E)-N'-benzylidene hydrazides as novel c-Met inhibitors through fragment based virtual screening
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2020
Jing-wei Liang, Shi-long Li, Shan Wang, Wan-qiu Li, Fan-hao Meng
The compounds (9a–9k, 10a–10k, 11a–11k) were achieved through the route as illustrated in Scheme 1. N-(3-ethynylphenyl)acetamide (1) was prepared by 3-ethynylaniline and acetic anhydride. The important intermediates (4, 5) were obtained by the corresponding aryl alkyne (1, 3) and ethyl 2-azidoacetate (2). Compounds 4 and 5 were subjected to hydrolysis to give intermediates 6 and 7. The preparation of different (E)-benzylidenehydrazine (9a–9k) involved benzaldehyde derivatives reaction with hydrazine hydrate. The intermediates (6, 7) were treated by EDCI and HOBt. Then different (E)-benzylidenehydrazine (9a–9k) and Et3N were added with stirring to give the compounds 10a–10k, 11a–11k.
Synthesis, antimicrobial, anti-biofilm evaluation, and molecular modelling study of new chalcone linked amines derivatives
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2018
Shahenda M. El-Messery, El-Sayed E. Habib, Sarah T. A. Al-Rashood, Ghada S. Hassan
Structure–activity correlation, based on the different strains used in the biological screening, revealed that, in general, the propanamide analogues are more active than the acetamide ones 20–35 that proved to be inactive against most of the tested organisms. Some of the acetamide analogues showed moderate activity against gram-positive organisms such as compounds 30 and 31. These compounds are characterised by having multiple methoxy groups in addition to the methyl piperazine moiety that proved to be essential for activity. On the other hand, some of the propanamide derivatives proved active against most of the tested organisms, compounds 36, 37, 38, 42, and 44 are active against gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria and even the pathogenic fungi. It was revealed that the presence of piperidine moiety favours the activity as in the case of compounds 36, 37, and 38 more than the morpholine moiety in 40 or N-methyl piperazine group in 44. Furthermore, it was observed that the presence of phenylpiperazine moiety did not favour the activity as none of the compounds containing such group showed any kind of activity against the tested organisms.