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Personal Weight Loss Strategies in Obesity
Published in Emily Crews Splane, Neil E. Rowland, Anaya Mitra, Psychology of Eating, 2019
Emily Crews Splane, Neil E. Rowland, Anaya Mitra
High-intensity sweeteners (or low-calorie sweeteners) are sweeteners which are many times sweeter than sugar but contain either no calories or very few calories. High-intensity sweeteners which are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use as food-additives include saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame potassium, sucralose, neotame, and advantame (see the FDA website for information on high-intensity sweeteners). The FDA has received GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) notices for steviol glycosides and Luo han guo (or Monk fruit) extracts, and presently does not have additional questions regarding their GRAS status. This essentially means that the applications for the use of these sweeteners did not raise any red flags, but there is presently not enough data on their use to officially approve their use. See the Table 12.3 which compares the sweetness of different sweeteners to table sugar (modified from “Additional Information about High Intensity Sweeteners”, 2018).
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Patients with Type-2 Diabetes
Published in Jeffrey I. Mechanick, Elise M. Brett, Nutritional Strategies for the Diabetic & Prediabetic Patient, 2006
Bantwal Suresh Baliga, Zachary Bloomgarden, Cathy Nonas
Fructose is associated with a lower postprandial rise in blood sugar than sucrose, but may affect lipids adversely [101–103]. Sugar alcohols produce lower glycemic responses compared to sucrose, fructose, and glucose, but can cause diarrhea [27]. Saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame potassium, and sucralose are the four Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved nonnutritive artificial sweeteners [104]. Aspartame (NutraSweet®) consists of two amino acids (aspartic acid and phenylalanine) and is 180 times as sweet as sucrose. It cannot be used in baking or cooking as it is heat-labile. Saccharin is a nonnutritive sweetener which is still being used despite an FDA warning about its potential for bladder carcinogenicity with long-term use [103]. Sucralose (Splenda®) is 600 times sweeter than sucrose and is heat-stable for cooking and baking. The FDA approved its use in 1998 and concluded that this sweetener did not pose carcinogenic, reproductive, or neurological risk to humans [104].
Maternal consumption of artificially sweetened beverages during pregnancy is associated with infant gut microbiota and metabolic modifications and increased infant body mass index
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Isabelle Laforest-Lapointe, Allan B. Becker, Piushkumar J. Mandhane, Stuart E. Turvey, Theo J. Moraes, Malcolm R. Sears, Padmaja Subbarao, Laura K. Sycuro, Meghan B. Azad, Marie-Claire Arrieta
Common low-calorie sweeteners include synthetic artificial sweeteners (e.g. non-acesulfame-potassium, aspartame, advantame, neotame), sugar alcohols (e.g. erythritol, xylitol), and plant-based sweeteners (e.g. sucralose, thaumatin, monk fruit).25 The effects of artificial sweeteners on the gut microbiome are diverse, including impacts on composition and function (see Suez et al.26 for a synthesis). Suez et al.27 also demonstrated that artificial sweetener consumption in adult mice directly impacts gut microbiome composition and function, leading to an increase in host glucose intolerance. More recently, Stichelen et al.24 addressed gestational exposure to artificial sweeteners, finding changes in bacterial metabolites and a decrease in Akkermansia municiphila in the pups’ gut microbiome. However, the consequences of maternal artificial sweetener consumption during pregnancy on the infant gut microbiota have not been reported in humans.
Nutraceutical Potential of Diet Drinks: A Critical Review on Components, Health Effects, and Consumer Safety
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2020
Shareen Banga, Vikas Kumar, Sheenam Suri, Manisha Kaushal, Rasane Prasad, Sawinder Kaur
The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has set the permissible limit up to 145 ppm of caffeine in noncarbonated water-based drinks. For aspartame and acesulfame potassium, artificial sweeteners, the permissible level is up to 700 and 300 ppm in carbonated beverages and up to 600 and 300 ppm in non-carbonated ones, respectively (136). In addition, drinks containing aspartame should be mandatorily labeled as “not recommended for children and phenylketonurics” (137). In case of fruit-based beverages, the FSSAI has made it mandatory to mention the herb (added in the beverage) on the label and “non-carbonated water-based beverages” may contain ingredients independently or in combination (138). The FSSAI report states that although it is not mandatory to set an upper limit of caffeine content according to the European Union, it becomes imperative to mention “high caffeine content” on the labels of drinks containing more than 145 mg/kg of caffeine (135).
Associations Between Nonnutritive Sweetener Intake and Metabolic Syndrome in Adults
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2018
Erica L. Hess, Emily A. Myers, Susan E. Swithers, Valisa E. Hedrick
Three 24-hour dietary recalls were collected over the course of two weeks, on two weekdays and one weekend day. All three recalls were collected by the same research assistant to avoid any inconsistencies in collection. Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R) 2015, nutrient analysis software, was used to analyze the dietary recalls. NDS-R provides the specific amounts of NNS consumed in milligrams. These NNS include saccharin, acesulfame potassium, sucralose, and aspartame. Rather than relying on traditional methods to identify NNS consumers (i.e., diet soda consumption), a participant was considered a consumer if he or she consumed the equivalent of NNS found in 1 fluid ounce of diet soda, from either foods or beverages, per a novel method to determine NNS consumers (30). This intake equates to 3 mg of acesulfame potassium, 17 mg of aspartame, 12 mg of saccharin, and 6 mg of sucralose. Healthy Eating Index (HEI) scores were calculated with the use of dietary intake recall data. HEI total and subcomponent scores were derived from the NDS-R output on the basis of guidelines that were developed by the NDS-R, and scores were calculated according to a standardized published protocol, which included adjustment for energy intake (31). Possible HEI scores ranged from 0 to 100 (the HEI total score was the sum of all 12 component scores), with higher scores indicating greater adherence to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (32). The time spent being physically active was collected via the Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire, which measures moderate-to-vigorous and strength-training physical activity over the past seven days (33).