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Pregestational Diabetes
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
F. Weston Loehr, A. Dhanya Mackeen, Michael J. Paglia
Nutritional requirements are adjusted on the basis of maternal body mass index (BMI); women with normal BMI require 30–35 kcal/kg/day (Table 4.7) [8]. Individuals with <90% of their ideal body weight (IBW) may increase this by an additional 5 kcal/kg/day, while those >120% of their IBW should decrease this value to 24 kcal/kg/day [8]. The content should be distributed as 45% complex high-fiber carbohydrates, 20% protein, and 35% primarily unsaturated fats (Table 4.6) [8, 25]. The calories are distributed over three meals and three snacks with breakfast receiving the smallest allotment at 15% and the other two meals receiving near equal distribution. Saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame-K, maltodextin, and sucralose may be used safely in moderate amounts. Carbohydrate counting and help of a registered dietitian may provide benefit, but these two interventions have been insufficiently studied in pregnancy [35].
Carbohydrates
Published in Geoffrey P. Webb, Nutrition, 2019
The first issue that must be addressed is their safety. All seven of the sweeteners mentioned by name here have been approved as safe by the FDA in the USA and the European Food Standards Agency (EFSA) in Europe. The NHS website https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/are-sweeteners-safe/ contains a brief generic introduction and a list of the most commonly used sweeteners in the UK. Their acceptable daily intakes (ADI) are listed below levels used in food and drinks reflect these ADI. Acesulfame C – ADI 9 mg/kg body weight Aspartame – 40 mg/kg Saccharin – 5 mg/kg Sorbitol – no ADI set Sucralose – 15 mg/kg Stevia – 4 mg/kg Xylitol – no ADI set.
Dietary Habits and Susceptibility to Various Cancers
Published in Sheeba Varghese Gupta, Yashwant V. Pathak, Advances in Nutraceutical Applications in Cancer, 2019
Kimberly Padawer, Yashwant V. Pathak
Artificial sweeteners are preferred by some because of their minimal impact on blood sugar in relation to the fact that their sweetness is much greater than compared to regular table sugar. They are generally considered healthy sugar alternatives for individuals with diabetes. Artificial sweeteners are regulated by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are “generally recognized as safe.” However, they have been frequently scrutinized for a purported increased risk of cancer. One study group in 2006 looked at whether aspartame had the potential to cause cancer in rats. They concluded from the study that aspartame had carcinogenic properties and should not be used as an artificial sweetener. However, FDA challenged their results due to design flaws present in the study and requested the results be retracted. The FDA and other health regulatory agencies have concluded that aspartame is safe based on results of numerous epidemiological studies. In addition to aspartame, the FDA has also concluded that sucralose, acesulfame, and cyclamate do not pose a significant cancer risk [29–31].
Study on the taste-masking effect and mechanism of Acesulfame K on berberine hydrochloride
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2023
Haiyang Li, Xuehua Fan, Xiangxiang Wu, Yousong Yue, Chenxu Li, Xinjing Gui, Yanli Wang, Jing Yao, Junming Wang, Lu Zhang, Xuelin Li, Junhan Shi, Ruixin Liu
The artificial sweetener Acesulfame K (AK) is a high-potency sweetener, whose sweetness is 200 times that of sucrose [13]. It is not metabolized or stored after being absorbed into the body and is commonly used as a calorie-free sweetener [14]. It has been widely used in food, beverage, and pharmaceutical applications [15–17]. In a previous study, we assessed the taste-masking effect of AK and aspartame on the aqueous decoction of bitter natural drugs and found that AK had a good taste-masking effect on the aqueous decoction of bitter natural drugs (Lotus plumule and Radix sophorae flavescentis) containing alkaloid bitter components. The highest bitterness inhibition rates were 63.38 and 55.84%, respectively [12], and we speculated that AK could also have a better taste-masking effect on BH. As such, we designed this experiment to explore the taste-masking effect and mechanism of AK on BH.
Maternal sucralose intake alters gut microbiota of offspring and exacerbates hepatic steatosis in adulthood
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Xin Dai, Zixuan Guo, Danfeng Chen, Lu Li, Xueli Song, Tianyu Liu, Ge Jin, Yun Li, Yi Liu, Aihemaiti Ajiguli, Cheng Yang, Bangmao Wang, Hailong Cao
NAFLD has become the most common liver disease worldwide but the pathogenesis has not been fully illuminated. A growing body of evidence supports the concept that maternal diet is associated with NAFLD through altering gut microbiota.31,32It is reported that sucralose can alter the composition of the gut microbiome and affect host health.8,9For example, maternal exposure to sucralose and acesulfame-K during pregnancy and lactation impacts hepatic metabolism and gut microbiome of offspring pre- and post-weaning.12However, the long-term results of offspring in adulthood with MS consumption remain unknown. The main finding of our study was that MS supplement during pregnancy and lactation can inhibit intestinal development, disrupt gut barrier integrity, alter intestinal microbial composition, and increase inflammatory cytokines formation in offspring mice and finally aggravate HFD-induced hepatic steatosis in adulthood. In addition, MS intake reduces the butyrate-producing bacteria and butyrate production of the offspring, impairs gut barrier and then leads to low-grade inflammation through GRP43. This is the first experimental evidence in support of the hypothesis that MS in early life may increase the susceptibility to hepatic steatosis of offspring in adulthood. More importantly, the potential mechanism may lie in that MS induces gut dysbiosis including decreasing butyrate-producing bacteria and butyrate production and alters the intestinal barrier function which supports the concept of “gut-liver axis.”
Novel insights on saccharin- and acesulfame-based carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: design, synthesis, modelling investigations and biological activity evaluation
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2020
Paolo Guglielmi, Giulia Rotondi, Daniela Secci, Andrea Angeli, Paola Chimenti, Alessio Nocentini, Alessandro Bonardi, Paola Gratteri, Simone Carradori, Claudiu T. Supuran
Similar to saccharin, the other artificial sweetener potassium acesulfame (Ace K) is a valid scaffold used for the development of hCA inhibitors (Figure 3). It has been largely explored both for its capability to inhibit carbonic anhydrase47, or after oxygen/nitrogen derivatization with different substituents (i.e. (un)saturated alkyl chains, (un)substituted benzyl or benzoylmethylene moieties)37,48. These latter exhibited good inhibitory activity against hCA IX and XII, although some of them retained residual activity against the off-targets hCA I/II. Taking advantage of the substitution approaches proposed for the saccharin-based compounds, we tried to translate the first and the third design strategies on the acesulfame scaffold (Figure 3(a,b)). By adjusting the synthesis conditions (see below), we were able to preferentially address the propargylation and then the triazole assembling, either at the oxygen or nitrogen of the acesulfame core to achieve N- and O-substituted analogues, respectively (Figure 3(b)). Even in this case, the insertion of an additional methylene group, disconnecting the phenyl group from the N1 of the triazole ring, was attempted. Seeing as how some compounds differing only for the nucleus (saccharin or acesulfame), it is also possible to evaluate the effects on the activity and selectivity of the molecules retaining the same tail but not the main core.