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Gloves and Dermal Exposure to Chemicals
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Wiping may either be carried out using dry materials or with some absorbent solid material moistened with water, alcohol, or some proprietary solvent mixture. The absorbent material can be filter papers, cotton balls, surgical cotton pads, or proprietary moist wipes. If a sample is to be obtained from the hands, then subjects may be asked to thoroughly wipe the whole of both hands or each hand individually may be swabbed by the investigator. Alternatively, a template (e.g., circular, square, or rectangular) may be used to enable a swab sample to be collected from a defined area of skin, e.g., on the dorsal or palmar regions of the hand. There are no standardized protocols that specify the amount of pressure to be applied when wiping, the pattern of wiping, or indeed the number of consecutive wipes to be collected from the same area, which is a limitation of the wipe sampling method.29 However, in a recent pan-European hexavalent chromates biomonitoring study, a standardized hand wipe protocol was adopted, specifying the wiping pattern, the number of wipes to be collected, and the sampling strategy.30
Fluid balance and continence care
Published in Barbara Smith, Linda Field, Nursing Care, 2019
The main aim of using absorbent pads is to absorb, contain, conceal and manage incontinence loss without leakage, thereby preserving the dignity and confidence of the user. The benchmark for continence and bladder and bowel care in the Essence of Care benchmark stipulates that practitioners must respect patient dignity. If the correct pad is not worn, the patient may experience many problems, as outlined in Exhibit 6.2. A detailed individual assessment is important to ensure that this is achieved. Offering patients body-worn pads prematurely can lead to them being unwilling to give them up and start a programme of treatment (Department of Health, 2000). Sadly, sometimes absorbent pads are used as an alternative to an individual toileting programme (Pomfret, 2000). No product should be supplied without a continence assessment (Department of Health, 2000).
Urinary Incontinence in Older Adults
Published in K. Rao Poduri, Geriatric Rehabilitation, 2017
Nicole Strong, Sara Z. Salim, Jean L. Nickels, K. Rao Poduri
Treatment in the inpatient setting is multifaceted. If patient is unable to get to the toilet, commodes or bed pans are substituted. Absorbent incontinence bed pads and garments are used. Patient must be checked frequently for incontinence and if present incontinence products are changed promptly and skin is cleansed and dried. Condom catheters can be an option for men, but they are not without drawbacks including poor fit, skin irritation, and balantitis.82 Prompted or scheduled toileting may also be helpful. For a hypotonic bladder, bethanechol 10–30 mg 3–4 times a day may be tried.82 For uninhibited bladder contractions many medications are available. Oxybutynin 5 mg 3 times a day is frequently used.82 Many other anticholinergic agents are also available. Side effects of anticholinergic medications may be more pronounced in the older adults and include dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, and cognitive deficits.82,83 Anti-muscarinic agents (e.g., tolterodine) have been shown to be less likely to affect cognition.83 Baclofen, used in doses of 5–10 mg twice a day, can relax the OAB but side effects include fatigue and weakness of limbs and sphincter muscles. Urology can be consulted for detrusor botulinum toxin injections; however, this is normally done in an outpatient setting. Artificial sphincters may be considered, but risks of surgery in the older adult must be weighed and the sphincter may be difficult for the older adult to manipulate.82
Development of a novel centrifugal extraction device to collect the olfactory cleft mucus
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2022
Dawei Wu, Junsheng Hong, Feifan Chang, Yongxiang Wei
Standard Nasal Dressing (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN) was a kind of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) sponge and 7 cm long. It was highly absorbent up to 21 times its weight in fluid and was resistant to many chemicals. It was widely used for hemostatic control in the ENT department. The Standard Nasal Dressing was divided into 12 equal pieces. Each piece of PVA sponge was about 12 × 5 × 3 mm in volume and its volume would expand after absorbing water (Figure 1(A)). A novel device was designed and developed using 3D printing (Figure 1(A)). The novel centrifugal extraction tube consisted of a scraw cap, an upper tube with an inner funnel, and a conical tube. The three parts could be screwed together (Figure 1(B)). The traditional device included a 15-mL Falcon tube and a 5-mL syringe shaft (Figure 1(C,D)). To compare the extraction efficiency of these two centrifugal extraction devices, two pieces of sponges of the same size (12 × 5 × 3 mm) were inserted into each nasal cavity. One was extracted through the novel device and another one was extracted through the traditional device.
Construction, characterization, and bioavailability evaluation of honokiol-loaded porous starch by melting method without any solvent
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Recently, starch has become a new biomaterial with potential pharmaceutical value. The biopolymer has distinctive physicochemical and functional properties and has the advantages of low price, nontoxicity, pure separation from plant sources, good biocompatibility, biodegradability, and interaction with living cells (Sujka et al., 2018). Porous starch (PS) is obtained by physical, chemical, and enzymatic modification of starch (Zhang et al., 2012; Majzoobi et al., 2015; Benavent-Gil & Rosell, 2017). It contains abundant pores or hollows that are formed from the surface to the center of the granules, resulting in a stable pore structure and high pore volume, and specific surface area. It is an excellent natural absorbent, which has been widely used in food, cosmetics, and other related industries so far (Zhu et al., 2019). In addition, the PS is also an ideal drug delivery system because of its advantages of biocompatibility, bioadhesive, and capable of high drug loading, and the PS is officially accepted by all major regulatory agencies for use in various oral drug delivery systems (Wu et al., 2011). So far, the PS has been applied to many lipophilic drugs, such as lovastatin (Wu et al., 2011), nitrendipine (Zhao et al., 2016), carbamazepine (Ali et al., 2013), and ketoprofen (García-González et al., 2012), etc., so as to improve its solubility and absorption in vivo.
Economic analysis of Electrical Muscle Stimulator with Multipath technology for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence: a UK-based cost-utility analysis
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2020
Mehdi Javanbakht, Atefeh Mashayekhi, Ash Monga, Jowan Atkinson, Michael Branagan-Harris
Treatment options for SUI begin with simple measures including lifestyle changes (such as exercise like pilates and dietary adjustments) and pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) including kegel exercises. At this stage, the patient may also be advised to use incontinence products, such as absorbent pads and handheld urinals. Patients may then try electrical stimulation therapy if first-line treatments are not successful. If this is unsuccessful for the management of symptoms, and the patient has a preference for pharmacological treatment over surgical treatment, or the patient is unsuitable for surgery, the patient may be prescribed a medication such as duloxetine. The last, and commonly employed, line of treatment for SUI is surgical management. However, medication is associated with side effects and is of questionable efficacy and there is considerable uncertainty surrounding the long-term efficacy of several surgical treatments4. Data from Hospital episdoes statistics (HES), which show the frequency of different types of hospital admission in the UK, show that between April 2018 and April 2019, there were 18,492 total finished consultant episodes with HRG codes relating to surgical treatments for SUI. This involved 18,042 distinct patients who accrued a total length of stay in England hospitals of 18,490 days – an average of 1 day per episode (NHS digital 2018-19).