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Halogenated insecticides
Published in Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach, Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and its esters, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) and its esters, and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) and its salts and esters are used as herbicides. The propanoate or butanoate esters are known as MCPB, MCPP, 2,4-DB, Butyrac, Butoxone, Embutox, Silvex, and Tropex. Other herbicides that would be expected to have similar toxicities include erbon, Natrin, dichlorprop, Diphenex (chlomethoxynil), diclofop methyl, mecoprop, Methoxone, phenothiol, bifenox (Modown), fenac, and sesone (2,4-dichlorophenoxyethyl sulfate). Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, dioxin), a contaminant and degradation product of 2,4,5-T and other chlorophenoxy herbicides, is a potent mutagen in experimental systems and is suspected of being mutagenic in humans at extremely low doses.
Autofluorescence as a Parameter to Study Pharmaceutical Materials
Published in Victoria Vladimirovna Roshchina, Fluorescence of Living Plant Cells for Phytomedicine Preparations, 2020
Victoria Vladimirovna Roshchina
Among xenobiotics in plant cells, fluorescent pesticides may be found; for example, pesticidal carbamates acting on cholinesterases of both animals and plants (Addison et al. 1977). In addition, carbamates offer the possibility of determining their influence on cholinesterase activity. As early as 1992, Mueller and coworkers presented a list of fluorescent herbicides that could potentially be used in diagnostics. The fluorescence properties of 39 herbicides representing several major types of chemistry were determined. The fluorescence of analytical standards was measured in acetonitrile, acetonitrile + water, and acetonitrile + water + strong acid. Fourteen of the 39 herbicides fluoresced to some extent, and seven (bentazon, chloramben, difenzoquat, fluometuron, imazaquin, 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid [MCPA], and norflurazon) were identified as good candidates for further method development. Herbicides or their derivatives have been detected with spectrofluorometric methods in various matrices, including fluometuron and its metabolites in soil to 20 ng/g soil, asulam (methyl[(4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl]carbamate) in spinach, and glyphosate ((N-phosphonomethyl) glycine) and its metabolite in natural water. This technique has also been employed to identify other pesticides, such as the methylcarbamates in food, carbaryl (1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate) in honeybees or honey, and thiabendazole and carbendazim in various crops. The bipyridiniums fluoresced in acetonitrile very strongly. However, addition of water to the solutions of diquat and paraquat totally quenched the observed fluorescence. Additionally, diquat and paraquat are only very slightly soluble in acetonitrile (but very water soluble), and this would hinder method development. It should be noted that this method has not so far been used for histochemical analysis in plant cells in situ. Only chlorophyll fluorescence is recommended for analysis as a marker for herbicides (Dayan and de Zaccaro 2012).
2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) and bromoxynil herbicide ingestion
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2018
Angela L. Chiew, Colin B. Page, David Clancy, Ahmed Mostafa, Michael S. Roberts, Geoffrey K. Isbister
2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) is a chlorophenoxy herbicide. In a case series of 181 self-poisonings most patients developed only mild toxicity and deaths were rare [1]. Bromoxynil, a nitrile herbicide is available in many countries worldwide, including many countries in Europe. Its use is restricted in the United States, but is readily available in Australia. We found no reports of bromoxynil monointoxication, but from limited data available it appears ingestion of the combination of MCPA and bromoxynil may be associated with a higher mortality [2,3]. The combination appears to result in severe toxicity characterized by tachycardia, tachypnoea, rising CO2, metabolic acidosis, hyperthermia and cardiac arrest [2,3]. Dialysis has been proposed as a treatment, but there is no evidence to support whether it increases elimination. We present two cases of MCPA/bromoxynil ingestion whose management included continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) and present clearances of both herbicides.
Bromoxynil and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) poisoning could be a bad combination
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2018
Betty S. H. Chan, Angela L. Chiew, Sarah Grainger, Colin B. Page, Alan Gault, Ahmed Mostafa, Michael S. Roberts, Nicholas A. Buckley, Geoffrey K. Isbister
We would like to provide further research findings following the case reports on “2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) and bromoxynil herbicide ingestion” by Chiew et al. [1]. This reported a characteristic toxicity profile of hyperthermia, hypercapnia and metabolic acidosis in two patients that responded to aggressive active cooling and supportive treatment.