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Essential Oils as Carrier Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Romana Aichinger, Gerhard Buchbauer
1,8-Cineole, a monoterpene cyclic ether is the main constituent of the eucalyptus oil that is known for its penetration enhancement of lipophilic drugs. Because of the ability of the EO to enhance the absorption of chlorhexidine and its antimicrobial activity, but due to the variability of its constitution, a purified solution of 1,8-cineole should represent a potent alternative with a synergistic effect. Chlorhexidine comes to usage with skin antisepsis; however the SC barrier and the poor diffusion into the skin, caused by the large molecular size and its binding to intercellular lipids in the SC, hinder the treatment of endogenous microorganisms in deeper skin layers. Therefore, 1,8-cineole should facilitate the penetration of chlorhexidine to eradicate the pathogens and lower the risk of infection as it interacts with and disorders the lipids of the SC. In comparison to the application of the combination of 2% (w/v) chlorhexidine with 70% (v/v) isopropyl alcohol, but without the penetration enhancer 2% (v/v) 1,8-cineole, it can be seen that with 1,8-cineole, the concentration of chlorhexidine in the skin is on average 33.3% higher, although the size of the effect does not show significant differences demonstrated by the depth of penetration. Thus, according to the higher concentration, it is proved that 1,8-cineole promotes the permeation of chlorhexidine (Casey et al., 2017).
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
The thyme of commerce originates from either T. vulgaris L. or T. zygis L., wild thyme originates from T. serphyllum L., and Moroccan thyme originates from T. satureioides Cass. Essentia] oils from the four species contain alpha-pinene, camphene, beta-pinene, myrcene, alpha-phellandrene, limonene. 1,8-cineole, p. cymene, linalool, linalyl acetate, bornyl acetate terpinen-4-ol, alpha-terpinyl acetate, alpha-terpineol, borneol, citral (neral, geranial, or both?), geraniol, thymol, and carvacrol. In T. vulgaris, thymol and terpinen-4-ol were major compounds; in T. zygis and T. serphyllum, thymol, linalool, and linalyl acetate were major compounds, while in T. satureioides thymol, borneol, and alpha-terpineol were major compounds.193 Per 100 g, ground thyme is reported to contain 276 calories, 7.8 g H2O, 9.1 g protein, 7.4 g fat, 63.9 g total carbohydrate, 18.6 g fiber, 11.7 g ash, 1890 mg Ca, 201 mg P, 123.6 mg Fe, 220 mg Mg, 55 mg Na, 814 mg K, 6.2 mg Zn, 3800 IU vitamin A, 0.51 mg thiamine, 0.4 mg riboflavin, 4.94 mg niacin, 0 cholesterol, and 163 mg phytosterols. Saturated fatty acids totaled 2.73 g, monounsaturated 0.47 g, and polyunsaturated 1.19 g. Per 100 g, there are 186 mg tryptophan, 252 threonine, 468 isoleucine, 430 leucine, 207 lysine, 274 methionine and cystine, 482 phenylalanine and tyrosine, and 502 mg valine.89 Seeds yield 37% of a drying oil consisting mainly of linolenic, linoleic, and oleic acids. Triterpenoid saponins, flavones, ursolic acid (1.5%), caffeic acid, tannins, and resins also occur in the herb.33
Essential oils and aromas that affect mood and cognition
Published in Philip N. Murphy, The Routledge International Handbook of Psychobiology, 2018
Edward J. Okello, Melanie-Jayne R. Howes
Studies investigating the oral bioavailability of essential oil constituents are also generally limited, and the results for the different essential oil constituents that have been investigated are often variable. One study revealed that when capsules containing limonene, 1,8-cineole, and α-pinene were administered to human volunteers, only 1,8-cineole could be detected in sufficient quantities in plasma (Kohlert et al., 2000). In a separate study, oral bioavailability of 1,8-cineole was reported to be low when administered to possums, although at higher doses, oral bioavailability was increased (McLean et al., 2007). More promising bioavailability results were also reported for limonene in a different study, since following oral administration to rodents, limonene was reported to have a half-life of 337 minutes, whilst oral bioavailability was 43% (Chen et al., 1998). The sesquiterpene hydrocarbon α-cedrene (a component of cedar wood oil) has also been associated with good oral absorption in vivo(49–85% bioavailability), a relatively long half-life, and was highly distributed in tissues, including the brain (Kim et al., 2015), which would be relevant to mediate effects in the CNS. However, another sesquiterpene hydrocarbon, α-humulene, was only 18% bioavailable following oral administration in vivo in a separate study, although it had an elimination half-life of 55 minutes and was distributed in the liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, spleen, and also the brain (Chaves et al., 2008). α-Humulene can also be absorbed following topical administration, as was concluded from a study in which cream and aerosol formulations containing 0.5% Cordia verbenacea (a synonym of C. curassavica) oil were applied to mouse ear skin and the component α-humulene was subsequently detected (Chaves et al., 2008).
Development of galangal essential oil-based microemulsion gel for transdermal delivery of flurbiprofen: simultaneous permeability evaluation of flurbiprofen and 1,8-cineole
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
Jie Dong, Xue-min Zhu, Feng-ye Wu, Bing-qing Yang, Han Feng, Yun-fei Dong, Wei Gu, Jun Chen
1,8-cineole, also known as eucalyptol, a colorless liquid, is a natural organic compound. It is an oxygenated monoterpene compound with a refreshing eucalyptus and menthol-like odor and originally identified in many aromatic herbs, such as eucalyptus, camphor laurel, bay leaves, sweet bail and rosemary. 1,8-cineole is a common active agent with anti-inflammatory effects. It ameliorates the inflammatory phenotype of human umbilical vein endothelial cells by mediating NF-ĸB expression [33]. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory properties of 1,8-cineole have been proposed to reduce or prevent gastrointestinal inflammation and ulceration [34]. In addition, 1,8-cineole has also been confirmed to possess comparable analgesic activity to that of morphine [35]. However, despite its promising pharmacological effects, 1,8-cineole still cannot exert the expected efficacy owing to its poor water-solubility and the absence of a satisfactory oral delivery system. ME has been proved to be a good carrier for the development of 1,8-cineole formulation. 1,8-Cineole-loaded self-microemulsifying drug delivery system was found to attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced endothelial injury, and was thus proposed as a promising agent for the treatment of inflammatory cardiovascular disease via oral administration [36]. Curcumin-loaded ME formulation was also prepared using 1,8-cineole as an ingredient of ME for transdermal delivery [21]. Although several analgesic pharmaceutical formulations containing 1,8-cineole have been dispensed for external use [37], to the best of our knowledge, the pharmacokinetic profiles of 1,8-cineole after transdermal or dermal administration are still unclear.
Design and development of essential oil based nanoemulsion for topical application of triclosan for effective skin antisepsis
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Pratibha G. Kakadia, Barbara R. Conway
The amount of TSN recovered from skin appendages through cyanoacrylate biopsy was dependent on the concentration of the oil used in the formulations. As the concentration of oil increased from 5 to 10% (w/w) in OO-based NEs, there was a 2-fold increase in TSN concentration from 1.02 ± 0.19 to 2.02 ± 0.12 µg/mg, while for EO-based NEs, the concentration of TSN increased from 1.35 ± 0.17 to 3.79 ± 0.14 µg/mg in the appendages. It was observed that TSN retention in the skin was higher for EO-NEs compared to the OO-NEs, which aligns with skin permeation data. Hence, this result suggests that a combination of TSN and EO may be a potential method to improve skin antisepsis in clinical practice. EO contains 1,8-cineole, which has been shown to bind in large quantities to the SC (Cornwell et al. 1996). It is thought to enhance lipophilic drug penetration by increasing the coefficient (partitioning of drug between vehicle and SC), as well as hydrophilic drug penetration by increasing the diffusion coefficient (Cal et al. 2001). It has been also shown that 1,8-cineole partitioning in the skin lipids is heterogeneous, leading to both ordered and disordered areas in SC lipids (Williams et al. 2006). Furthermore, as is evident from some in vitro assays, 1,8-cineole does not permeate through the skin but tends to be retained within the skin (Cornwell et al. 1996; Cal et al. 2006). Increased skin penetration of steroid hormones using an EO (45% v/v) microemulsion for topical delivery has been reported (Biruss et al. 2007). Results showed the ability of EO to augment percutaneous absorption by SC lipid extraction and loosening the hydrogen bond between the ceramides leading to fluidisation of lipid bilayers (Chen et al. 2014).
Nasal odorant metabolism: enzymes, activity and function in olfaction
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2019
Jean-Marie Heydel, Philippe Faure, Fabrice Neiers
Although this review focuses on the function of odorant metabolism in olfactory tissues, one should note that odorants are also ingested with foods and undergo systemic metabolism. Odorants and their metabolites may activate extraolfactory odorant receptors, some of which were identified and found to be involved in cell–cell adhesion, sperm migration or skeletal muscle regeneration (Kang and Koo 2012). Accordingly, it has been shown that after the ingestion of 1,8-cineole, its odorant metabolites can be found in mother’s milk and be potentially potent stimuli for breastfed children (Kirsch et al. 2012; Kirsch and Buettner 2013).