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The Chemical Environment
Published in Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson, Work and the Health of Women, 2020
Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson
A repetitive theme in chapters and papers on laboratory hazards, particularly in relation to chemical contamination, is the level of apathy and indifference toward safety and health.197 Wood and Spencer198 additionally comment that microbiology laboratories are also chemical laboratories where strong chemical carcinogens are in frequent use: naphthylamines for nitrate reduction tests, benzidine for detection of hydrogen peroxide and bacterial cytochromes, β-propiolactone as a sterilant, and ison-icotinic acid hydrazide for the tuberculosis-sensitivity test. Benzidine has been extensively used in a variety of microbiological tests and has been particularly useful for screening large numbers of organisms. Laboratory exposure to aromatic amines has been associated with known cases of bladder cancer. Sodium selenite is commonly used in media for the isolation of salmonellae and is an animal teratogen.199 In dehydrated media it becomes an airborne inhalation hazard.
Ecology
Published in Paul Pumpens, Single-Stranded RNA Phages, 2020
During the early studies, the phage MS2 was inactivated by oxidized spermine, where the oxidation product, a dialdehyde, was shown as an affecting agent (Bachrach and Leibovici 1965). Later, the phage MS2 was inactivated by diepoxybutane (Budowsky et al. 1981b) and β-propiolactone (Budowsky and Zalesskaya 1985, 1991).
Arenaviruses and Neurovirology
Published in Sunit K. Singh, Daniel Růžek, Neuroviral Infections, 2013
Measurement of viral antigens is certainly useful in the early detection of arena-virus infection. Jahrling et al. (1985 c) found antigens in the first serum available in patients, and antibody positivity did not occur for at least 3 days afterward. The development of antibodies coincided with a declining antigenemia. The antigen testing could be done safely using beta-propiolactone-inactivated sera. Similarly, testing was compared in 305 suspected cases of Lassa fever (Bausch et al. 2000). Using virus isolation with a positive reverse transcriptase-PCR as a gold standard, they found Lassa fever virus antigen and IgM ELISA were 88% sensitive (95% confidence interval 77%-95%) and 90% specific (95% confidence interval 88%-91%) for acute infection. Antigens specific for a virus can also be detected in situ by immunoper-oxidase staining of surgical or autopsy tissue.
Linkers in fragment-based drug design: an overview of the literature
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2023
Dylan Grenier, Solène Audebert, Jordane Preto, Jean-François Guichou, Isabelle Krimm
The length of a linker is an important feature for the success of fragment linking. In several reports, fragments hits could be linked by short aliphatic chains containing only one or two carbons thanks to the proximity and ideal orientation of the fragments. For example, Hajduk et al. [10] successfully used a two-carbon aliphatic linker to obtain of a 15 nM matrix metalloproteinase stromelysin (MMP-3) inhibitor by alkylating a phenolic fragment with β-propiolactone. Jordan et al. [11] also used a two-carbon linker to obtain of a 0.8 nM inhibitor of BACE-1 from two initially identified fragments. The chlorine-containing fragment was modified into an iodine-containing fragment, whereas an alkyne function was incorporated into the second fragment. A Sonogashira coupling of the alkyne and iodine derivatives led to an alkyne compound, which was then reduced to an aliphatic chain. Another example with a short single-carbon linker was published for a thrombin inhibitor [12]. The authors introduced an aldehyde function on the aromatic ring of one of the fragments, which could react with the amine moiety of the other fragment, resulting in a potent 1.4 nM thrombin inhibitor.
Absence of active systemic anaphylaxis in guinea pigs upon intramuscular injection of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (Vero cells)
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2022
Zhangqiong Huang, Yun Li, Hongkun Yi, Zhengcun Wu, Cong Li, Tingfu Du, Jinling Yang, Yixuan Wang, Qinfang Jiang, Shengtao Fan, Yun Liao, Ying Zhang, Guorun Jiang, Kaili Ma, Qihan Li
The strain used was isolated from a pediatric patient who returned to China from the United States. It was a strain of the SARS-CoV-2 variant with a spike (S)-protein D614G mutations. An inactivated vaccine was developed by the Institute of Medical Biology (IMB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), and was named inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (GenBank No: MT226610.1). The virus was produced in Vero cells and microtitrated. Vero cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM; Corning, NY, USA) containing 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS; HyClone, Logan, UT, USA). The harvested viruses were inactivated with formaldehyde (v:v = 1:4000) for 48 h to lyse the virus, purified by chromatography, and concentrated. The second inactivation using β-propiolactone (v:v = 1:2000) to disrupt the viral genomic structure was followed by the second purification and concentration using the same protocol. A variety of indicators were tested to evaluate the quality of the vaccine, including antigen content, endotoxin residues, immunogenicity, sterility, and residue testing. The amount of viral antigen was measured by ELISA. The vaccine contained 100 units (U) of inactivated virus antigen/0.5 ml, which was adsorbed on 0.25 mg Al(OH)3 adjuvant, and each dose was suspended in 0.5 ml buffered saline. The placebo contained only the same amount of Al(OH)3 in the buffer. The vaccine batch number used in this study was 20200001, with an expiration date of 20210305.
Pulmonary delivery of influenza vaccine formulations in cotton rats: site of deposition plays a minor role in the protective efficacy against clinical isolate of H1N1pdm virus
Published in Drug Delivery, 2018
Yoshita Bhide, Jasmine Tomar, Wei Dong, Jacqueline de Vries-Idema, Henderik W. Frijlink, Anke Huckriede, Wouter L. J. Hinrichs
NIBRG-121, a vaccine strain derived from A/California/7/2009 H1N1pdm09 virus obtained from NIBSC (Potters Bay, UK), was grown on embryonated chicken eggs as described previously (Audouy et al., 2011). The virus was inactivated by overnight treatment with 0.1% β-propiolactone (Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium) in citrate buffer (125 mM sodium citrate, 150 mM sodium chloride, pH 8.2) at 4 °C to produce whole inactivated influenza virus vaccine (WIV). After inactivation, WIV was dialyzed against HNE buffer (145 mM NaCl, 5 mM Hepes, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.4, and sterilized by autoclaving) to completely remove β-propiolactone. Inactivation was verified by inoculating WIV with Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells and the readout was done by hemagglutination assay as described before (Audouy et al., 2011). The protein concentration of the obtained WIV preparation was determined by micro-Lowry assay. The vaccine dose was based on hemagglutinin (HA) content which was assumed to be 1/3rd of the total viral protein weight as described previously (Patil et al., 2014).