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The Parasite's Way of Life
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2023
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
Vertical transmission refers to the transmission of parasites from mother to offspring, either across the placenta or through breast milk in the case of mammals or via infected gametes. Toxocara canis, for example, is a common nematode parasite of dogs. Puppies are frequently infected before birth as a consequence of transplacental transmission. Earlier in this chapter, we mentioned that Alaria americana can be transmitted through breast milk.
Vaccinations
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Joshua H. Barash, Edward M. Buchanan
Hepatitis B is a serious problem in pregnancy because of the possibility of vertical transmission to the neonate (see Chap. 32; Table 40.1). Vertical transmission occurs in up to 90% of infected women depending on their viral status, and 90% of the children who become infected develop chronic infection [33–35]. Nonimmune women at high risk for HBV infection during pregnancy should be immunized. This includes women who have had more than one sexual partner in the past 6 months, illicit drug users (both injected and non-injected substances), those with an HBsAg-positive sex partner, and those being evaluated or treated for a sexually transmitted disease [36]. Women at risk should also be counseled on safe sexual practices to prevent HBV infection. HBV is also spread through oral secretions. Therefore, women with HBsAg-positive household members should also be vaccinated [36].
Routine maternal immunizations for all pregnant women
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Hepatitis A virus is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, spreading primarily through close personal contact. The acute disease is characterized by nausea, malaise, abdominal pain, and jaundice. HA virus infection does not cause chronic infection and vertical transmission has not been described. During the period 1987 to 1997, an average of 28,000 cases of hepatitis A occurred annually in the United States. After induction of hepatitis A vaccine in 1995, a significant reduction in the annual number of cases reported has occurred.
Evaluation of pregnancy outcomes in mothers with COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2023
Masoumeh Simbar, Sima Nazarpour, Ali Sheidaei
COVID-19 infection during pregnancy may cause adverse pregnancy outcomes including preterm delivery, maternal mortality, NICU admission and neonatal death. Pregnancy loss and SARS-CoV2 positive neonates in lower middle income are higher than in high income. The findings and knowledge gained from our systematic review show that the reported pregnancy outcomes for women with COVID-19 were been varied. Although studies reported some feto-maternal and neonatal outcomes, future studies are needed to elucidate the causal relationship between these outcomes and COVID-19 infection. Vertical transmission from mother to foetus may occur, but its immediate and long-term effects on the newborn are unclear. Therefore, due to the high transmission capacity of this virus, the treatment team should be aware of the possibility of vertical transmission and take the necessary measures and attention. Also, if the mother is seriously ill, separation from the newborn should be considered.
Mild hearing loss in C57BL6/J mice after exposure to antiretroviral compounds during gestation and nursing
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2023
J. Riley DeBacker, Bo Hua Hu, Eric C. Bielefeld
In an effort to curb the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the World Health Organisation (WHO) works with local governments and researchers to find new ways to implement HIV prevention and transmission control measures. A specific focus of recent prevention efforts has been vertical transmission, where the virus is passed from mother to child during pregnancy and childbirth. The WHO recommends that all people with HIV initiate and maintain lifelong antiretroviral therapy and specifically highlights pregnant and breastfeeding women as a target population. To minimise the risk of transmission, the WHO recommends treating HIV-positive mothers with highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) during pregnancy and breastfeeding (Beyrer 2016). Initial HAART treatment regimens usually include two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and one or more additional drugs. The goal is stopping viral replication, reducing the viral load, and increasing the number of CD4 cells. This helps to prevent the transmission of HIV and often reduces the severity of complications, ultimately increasing survival rate (Poorolajal et al. 2016; Sebitloane and Moodley 2017).
The physical sequelae of growing into adolescence with perinatally acquired HIV: a scoping review
Published in Physical Therapy Reviews, 2022
Nicolette Comley-White, Joanne Potterton, Veronica Ntsiea
Using the PPC model [24] the following inclusion criteria were used to search the literature:Population: studies with participants who were adolescents, defined as ages 10 to 19 years [27,28], living with a confirmed diagnosis of perinatal HIV.Concept: studies were included if they explored any of the physical sequelae of perinatal HIV. Perinatal HIV is defined as the mother to child transmission of HIV through pregnancy, birth or breastfeeding [29]. This can also be referred to as vertical transmission, or vertically acquired HIV. Physical sequelae were defined as, but not limited to, body mass index, endurance, muscle strength, fatigue, pain, height, weight, head circumference and pubertal changes. Studies with data from CLHIV below the age of 10 were excluded.Context: the review considered studies from countries of all income classifications, all study sites and included all ethnicities and sociodemographic backgrounds.