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Neuroinfectious Diseases
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Jeremy D. Young, Jesica A. Herrick, Scott Borgetti
Congenital, transplacental, mother-to-child transmission occurs with parasitemia after the mother is acutely infected during gestation. Human-to-human transmission has not been documented definitively, other than from mother to fetus.
AIDS and other acquired immunodeficiencies
Published in Gabriel Virella, Medical Immunology, 2019
John W. Sleasman, Gabriel Virella
The most common route of HIV infection in children is through maternal-to-child transmission, although prior to the screening of blood products, many children, like adults, became infected through blood transfusions and HIV-contaminated blood products such as Factor VIII in the case of patients with hemophilia. Mother-to-child transmission can occur in utero, intrapartum, or through breastfeeding. In the absence of ART to prevent infection, intrapartum transmission is most common. Mothers with high viral load due to advanced disease or during acute infection are most likely to transmit HIV to their infants. Prior to ART prophylaxis, breastfeeding accounted for 5%–12% of cases, but with implementation of ART this has become less prevalent. Even in the absence of ART, only about a third of infants born to HIV-infected mothers become infected.
Infections
Published in Anne Lee, Sally Inch, David Finnigan, Therapeutics in Pregnancy and Lactation, 2019
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a retrovirus, was first identified as the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 1983. Prevalence varies with geography and is especially high in London where, on average one in 500 births are to HIV-infected mothers, compared to an overall rate of one in 6000 births for other parts of England and Wales.36 In Scotland, prevalence is particularly high in Dundee and Edinburgh.1 Mother-to-child transmission is the main cause of childhood infection, accounting for 85% of cases in the UK.37 Transmission can occur before and during birth, or from breastfeeding which doubles the rate of transmission. A non-breastfeeding, untreated mother has a 15–20% risk of infecting her child.38 It is estimated that about 300 infants are born to HIV-infected mothers each year in the UK, with over 75% of mothers undiagnosed at the time of birth.37 Women often only discover they are infected when their child develops AIDS. About 20% of HIV-infected children develop AIDS or die in the first year of life, and most children will eventually develop AIDS.37
Pharmacological approaches to prevent vertical transmission of HIV and HBV
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2022
Emanuela Zappulo, Agnese Giaccone, Nicola Schiano Moriello, Ivan Gentile
Mother-to-child transmission still accounts for the larger proportion of HBV and HIV infections in children. Remarkable advances have been achieved in reducing this risk thanks to the implementation of pregnancy screening, the prompt initiation of adequate antiviral treatment and neonatal prophylaxis, yet additional studies are needed to assess the safety and efficacy of many antiviral drugs and strategies such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and early initiation of ARV in pregnancy must be furtherly deployed. The cornerstone of HBV vertical transmission prevention remains the administration of anti-HBV vaccine and HBIG to the infant within the first hours after delivery, as well as antiviral maternal treatment. In HIV-HBV coinfected pregnant patients, TDF-containing regimens appear to be first choice given its proven efficacy, safety and high barrier to resistance.
Prevalence of hepatitis B and C at a major tuberculosis centre in Denmark
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2021
Anja Jørgensen, Karen Bjørn-Mortensen, Sidse Graff Jensen, Ellen Sloth Andersen, Pernille Ravn
The majority of HBV-seropositive patients (76.6%) originated from countries outside Denmark, where both TB and HBV have a higher prevalence than in Denmark. The estimated prevalence of serocleared HBV among patients from Greenland was 33.3%, which is equivalent to a previously reported prevalence of serocleared HBV of 34.6% in persons living in Greenland [15]. Apart from Greenland, a high prevalence of HBV-seropositivity of 29.6% was seen among migrants with TB from Africa, Asia, Middle East, and Eastern Europe. Thus, country of origin seems to be a risk factor and we found no other isolated significant risk factors for HBV in the TB population. Although our data does not report, when in life the patients were infected with HBV, the high rate of cleared infection could indicate horizontal transmission rather than vertical mother to child transmission [13].
Genetic polymorphisms of the HLA-DP and HLA-DQ genes could influence Hepatitis B virus infection in Yunnan population
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2021
Yuzhu Song, Tian Xia, Xueshan Xia, A-Mei Zhang
Hepatitis B is the most frequently infectious liver disease in the Chinese population, the reason being hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The transmission routes of HBV infection include injection, sexual transmission, mother-to-child transmission, and so forth. The wide use of HBV vaccine in newborns reduced the incidence of new chronic HBV infection (WHO, 2019b). However, 3.5% worldwide population (about 257 million persons) were under the condition of chronic HBV infection in 2015, and 68% of them lived in Africa or Western Pacific regions (WHO, 2017). A 887,000 people died of HBV infection or of the complications caused by HBV infection in 2015 (WHO, 2019a). Approximately 120 million HBV carriers lived in China (Liu and Fan 2007), and there still were some major problems to prevent HBV infection in the Chinese population, including heavy economic burden and discrimination (Chen et al. 2018).