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Medicine and public health
Published in Sridhar Venkatapuram, Alex Broadbent, The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Public Health, 2023
Vaccinations also illustrate some of the other features of public health noted above. Vaccines are a clear example of the important role of disease prevention in public health. Moreover, vaccinations illustrate the importance to public health of scientific research that takes a macro-level view of humans and their surroundings. While biomedical research is obviously relevant to the development of vaccines and their delivery to patients, epidemiology as well as a variety of social and environmental sciences are also very significant for the issue from a public health perspective. For instance, rates of infectious disease can depend on a number of social and environmental factors, such as housing arrangements and air or water quality (Croft et al. 2019). Infectious diseases with zoonotic origins also demonstrate the importance of interdisciplinary social and environmental sciences for public health. Vaccination is also a clear case of overlap between public health and medicine. Vaccinations are central concern for public health, but they are also a routine component of medical care, especially in pediatrics.
Women and health: the United States and the United Kingdom compared
Published in Ellen Lewin, Virginia Olesen, Women, Health, and Healing, 2022
In both countries, medical school staffs, as all elite medical groups, remain predominately male, particularly in the higherstatus grades. UK women share the problems which Marieskind reports for US medicine. In both countries, women are disproportionately represented in some specialities and under-represented in others. Doyal (Chapter 9) lists child and adolescent psychiatry, mental handicap, anesthetics, radiotherapy, and medical microbiology as the top ‘'feminine" specialities in the United Kingdom, while for the United States, Marieskind (1980: 132) shows that pediatrics is the most popular choice for women physicians. (It is sixth in the British list. However, we must remember that in Britain GPs or Clinical Medical Officers, the latter predominantly women, do much of what US pediatricians do (Stacey and Davies 1983).) Pediatrics is followed by psychiatry, anesthesiology, radiology, and obstetrics and gynecology. In the United Kingdom obstetrics and gynecology is neither among the most "feminine" or most "masculine” of specialities. Traumatic and orthopedic surgery appear to be viewed as most‘ ‘masculine"; indeed in the United Kingdom, as in the United States, most forms of surgery are dominated by men.
Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Deena Altschwager, McGreggor Crowley
Lastly, patients may be prescribed medications for non-oncologic purposes, including pre-existing conditions or conditions acquired in the treatment of their underlying disease. Asthma, rashes, psychiatric disorders, and insomnia (to name just a few) are frequently encountered in the pediatric population and are treated pharmacologically. Though these medications may not uniformly impact a patient’s nutrition, some drugs can directly impact electrolyte levels (e.g., albuterol’s association with hypokalemia), necessitating careful review during the nutrition consultation.
Genetic markers of drug hypersensitivity in pediatrics: current state and promise
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2022
Abdelbaset A. Elzagallaai, Michael J. Rieder
With regard to determining the age range of pediatric patients it seems that there is no clear consensus. The age of 18 years represents the most common border between childhood and adulthood legally; however, medically, pediatric age groups can be divided into 3 subgroups: infancy-toddler years (birth and 2 years), childhood (2–12 years) and adolescence (11–21 years) [89]. The Canadian Paediatric Society for example considers the age of adolescence as between 10–19 years [90]. Nevertheless, this issue is under debate as many systems (e.g. central nervous system, CNS) continue to develop well into the third decade of life. The most commonly cited age range for pediatric population is between birth and 18 years as defined by the World Health Organization, and this is what is used in this review to indicate pediatric patients.
DNA vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: toward third-generation vaccination era
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Vivek P Chavda, Radhika Pandya, Vasso Apostolopoulos
Subunit vaccines include small regions of a virus (proteins) delivered with appropriate adjuvants to induce an immune response. The majority of the vaccines on the pediatric list are subunit vaccines including, whooping cough, tetanus, and diphtheria [41]. The disadvantage of protein subunit vaccines is that they have reduced immunogenic power and so incorporation of immunostimulatory molecules or adjuvants is needed to address this problem. Also, multiple doses are required to be given for achieving long-term immunity. A number of vaccines have been developed using this technology against SARS-CoV-2, to be precise 45 vaccine candidates [33]. Notably, the Novavax vaccine is in phase 3 clinical trial which uses spike protein made using moth cells and an adjuvant Matrix-M based on a saponin extracted from the soapbark tree Quillaja Saponaria (NCT04611802). The adjuvant Matrix-M helps in achieving a higher immune response with a smaller dose of spike protein. Sanofi Pasteur in collaboration with GlaxoSmithKline have also generated a subunit vaccine, VAT00002, which is currently in clinical trial (NCT04762680).
The evolution of long-term pediatric ventricular assistance devices: a critical review
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Louis Marcel, Mathieu Specklin, Smaine Kouidri
Long-term MCS is an issue for every patients suffering from HF, no matter their age. The need for pediatric MCS came with the desperate need to perform heart surgery on infants suffering from congenital heart disorders. The dawn of pediatric cardiac surgery is to be tracked to the early 1940s, at a time were courageous clinicians and surgeons tried innovative and risky surgical interventions in order to save pediatric patients lives. Dr. Blalock is one of them, in 1944 he performed an anastomosis between the left subclavian artery and the pulmonary artery saving the life of a young girl. This intervention has been possible thanks to Dr. Helen Taussig, a cardiologist who designed the procedure [32,33,34]. Today, this kind of intervention is common in pediatric patients suffering from congenital heart diseases in order to adapt the systemic and pulmonary grid to the ventricles capability. By definition, pediatrics is a branch of medicine specialized in the medical care of infants, children and adolescents. According to various organizations, recommendations on the limit age for pediatric care differs from 18 to 21 years old. The figures of the PediMacs reports consider patients from 0 to 19 years old [17].