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An Overview of Microbes Pathogenic for Humans
Published in Nancy Khardori, Bench to Bedside, 2018
Eric Lehrer, James Radike, Nancy Khardori
Hand hygiene and decontamination of environmental surfaces are a vital component in reducing the incidence of S. aureus infections. This is becoming more and more important with the increasing incidence of infections with antibiotic resistant strains of S. aureus—Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin intermediate susceptible S. aureus (VISA), and Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA).
Vancomycin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Inge C. Gyssens, Natasha E. Holmes
At least 37 cases of vancomycin-resistant MRSA (VRSA) have been reported globally (Askari et al., 2013; Antony, 2014; Moravvej et al., 2013). The first seven cases of VRSA were identified from 2002 to 2006 in the USA; five were reported in Michigan, one was reported in Pennsylvania, and one was reported in New York (Sievert et al., 2008). VRSA isolates underwent confirmatory identification, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and typing of the resistance genes. All VRSA isolates were mediated by the vanA gene complex acquired from vancomycin-resistant enterococci. This vancomycin-resistant phenotype had variable expression, with higher levels of resistance seen in the Michigan strain (MIC > 128 to > 256 μg/ml) compared with the subsequently found strain from Pennsylvania (MIC 32–64 μg/ml) (Sakoulas and Moellering, 2008). All case patients had a history of previous MRSA and enterococcal infection or colonization, all had several underlying conditions, including chronic skin ulcers, and most had received vancomycin therapy before their VRSA infection. Person-to-person transmission of VRSA was not identified beyond any of the case patients (Sievert et al., 2008). Other cases have now been reported in India, Iran, Pakistan, and Guatemala (Saha et al., 2008; Thati et al., 2011; Mirani and Jamil, 2011, Antony, 2014).
The Impact of Hospital Epidemiology on the Management and Control of Antimicrobial Resistance: Issues and Controversies
Published in Robert C. Owens, Lautenbach Ebbing, Antimicrobial Resistance, 2007
Since the first case of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) or glycopeptide-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus was identified in Japan in 1996, these strains are being isolated from around the world and outbreaks have been described (27,28). Of even greater concern is the discovery of vancomycin-resistant strains (VRSA), first reported in the United States in 2002. Both VISA and VRSA strains can cause severe disease. With so few cases of VRSA reported to date, the epidemiology of these organisms is uncertain, but co-colonization with VRE and MRSA has preceded VRSA colonization or infection to date (29). The importance of a good clinical laboratory is underscored by the fact that VISA strains are not readily detected by routine disc diffusion; broth dilution, agar dilution, or E-tests (AB Biodisk) are more reliable (30–32).
Occurrence, distribution and pattern analysis of methicillin resistant (MRSA) and methicillin sensitive (MSSA) Staphylococcus aureus on fomites in public facilities
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2021
Ziad W Jaradat, Maysoon Khwaileh, Waseem Al Mousa, Qutaiba O Ababneh, Anas Al Nabulsi
All isolates were vancomycin susceptible, as none of the isolates harbored the vanA and vanB genes when tested with PCR. Further, all the isolates tested negative were tested using vancomycin disks to ascertain the susceptibility of the isolates to vancomycin. This result is very comforting as it assures us that Northern Jordan might be free of VRSA. However, many global studies reported the isolation of intermediate VRSA. For example, [24], reported that none of the MRSA isolates studied expressed full vancomycin resistance according to CLSI breakpoints, but they exhibited intermediate resistance. Other researchers reported the presence of VRSA. For example, [61], reported the presence of VRSA in Northern India. Out of confirmed 783 S. aureus, they found two isolates resistant to vancomycin and teicoplanin. Similarly, in Iran, [52], recovered one vancomycin resistant isolate from clinical samples. Furthermore, a recent study from Egypt reported that 17.4% of confirmed MRSA isolates exhibited the vanA gene. Phenotypically, 21 (21.7%) of MRSA isolates were confirmed VRSA by broth macrodilution [38].
Postoperative endophthalmitis after cataract surgery: a worldwide review of etiology, incidence and the most studied prophylaxis measures
Published in Expert Review of Ophthalmology, 2019
Andrzej Grzybowski, Jagger C. Koerner, Mary J. George
Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic that inhibits the late stages of cell wall synthesis in dividing bacteria. Vancomycin has significant activity against gram-positive organisms, including penicillin resistant species, and demonstrates nearly no activity against gram-negative organisms in vitro. Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) exist worldwide and vancomycin resistant staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) have been reported. While considered a time dependent antibiotic, concentration also plays an important role. For example, vancomycin is bactericidal at relatively low concentrations, twice the MIC, for some bacteria such as staphylococci, while for other species such as Enterococus it is not considered bactericidal even to susceptible organisms; the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) is 32 times the MIC [43]. Used as an intracameral bolus, 1 mg in 0.1 ml, the aqueous concentration of vancomycin is 5,385 mg/L one minute after administration and 41.1 mg/L 18–24 hours later. Intracameral vancomycin in cataract surgery is unlikely to promote vancomycin resistance [44]. This is in contrast to evidence that topical antibiotic use does promote antibiotic resistance, which is not surprising given the sterile nature of the intraocular environment compared with the ocular surface, which is colonized, by bacteria [45].
Effect of silver nanoparticles on vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in critically ill patients
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2021
Saeid Elsawy, Walaa M. Elsherif, Rasha Hamed
VRSA infection is an emerging potential threat to public health. Dedicated surveillance of vancomycin-resistance, justified chemotherapy prescription and adherence to infection control standards are the cornerstones which shoud be followed to prevent the emergence and transmission of VRSA stains. Vancomycin has been proven to be a successful antimicrobial agent against MRSA infections. Its efficacy remains dominant, provided that bacterial resistance is under control, as contemporary antimicrobials with a higher efficacy are not yet obtainable [24].