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Tumor Spheroids from Biopsy Specimens
Published in Rolf Bjerkvig, Spheroid Culture in Cancer Research, 2017
Rolf Bjerkvig, Jens Høstmark, Paal-Henning Pedersen, Ole Didrik Laerum
The method for establishing spheroids in culture from biopsy specimens is shown in Figure 1. Tumor fragments 0.5 cm3 or smaller are obtained after craniotomy or by transurethral biopsy procedure. The specimens are immediately transferred aseptically to test tubes containing Dulbecco’s modification of Eagle’s medium supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated newborn calf serum; four times the prescribed concentration of nonessential amino acids; and 2% L-glutamine, penicillin (100 IU/ml), and streptomycin (100 µg/ml). The specimens selected for three-dimensional culture are cut with scalpels into pieces (0.3 to 0.8 mm in diameter) and incubated in 25 or 80 cm2 tissue culture flasks previously basecoated with 5 to 10 ml of 0.75% agar in growth medium. Spheroids will form within 3 to 7 d and can at that time be isolated from tissue debris with a Pasteur pipette by visual control using a stereo microscope. The spheroids can be further cultured in new agar-coated flasks with medium. The growth medium of the overlay suspension is usually changed once a week. The spheroids can be kept in culture for several weeks.15
Current Role of Cryotherapy in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer
Published in Ayman El-Baz, Gyan Pareek, Jasjit S. Suri, Prostate Cancer Imaging, 2018
Adnan Dervishi, Murali K. Ankem
External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) is a standard primary treatment for localized prostate cancer. Even in conformal EBRT with image guidance and dose escalation technique about 20%–50% develop biochemical recurrence in 10 years (12). Post-EBRT prostate biopsy demonstrates that most failures are secondary to recurrence/residual disease. Failure to treat local recurrence might lead to debilitating urinary symptoms, possible distant spread, and poor quality of life. Despite potential benefits of salvage treatment most of the patients are usually managed by observation or androgen deprivation treatment (ADT). Post-radiation therapy failures are often treated with salvage prostatectomy (open/robotic), salvage cryotherapy, salvage HIFU, and re-radiation. Open salvage prostatectomy is technically difficult with major complication rates. Recently salvage robotic radical prostatectomy has been promising due to two-thirds of patients with bDFS rate with continence rate of 60% and potency rates of 20% in short-term (36 months) follow-up (12). Cryotherapy is a logical choice since it’s inherently less invasive and has a low complication rate. Izawa et al. noted 3% incontinence and 2% fistula after salvage cryotherapy (13). Pisters and associates (4) studied COLD registry patients who underwent salvage cryotherapy (n = 279) and found a 5-year bDFS rate of 59% using ASTRO criteria. Izawa et al. (13) reported a post-salvage cryotherapy biopsy positive rate of less than 23%, and Chin et al. found a lower positive biopsy rate of 14.2% (14). This is not surprising because it is almost impossible to achieve a total kill of all the prostate epithelial cells. This is especially true with periurethral glands, which are protected by a urethral warming device, and lethal dose is not delivered at this site. Izawa et al. found transurethral biopsy positive rates as high as 17% (13).
Positive association between hypertension and urinary bladder cancer: epidemiologic evidence involving 79,236 propensity score-matched individuals
Published in Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, 2018
Victor C. Kok, Han-Wei Zhang, Chin-Teng Lin, Shih-Chung Huang, Ming-Feng Wu
The outcome of this research was incident UB cancer defined as a diagnosis made at least three times by a physician or urologist in ambulatory settings or at least once with the same diagnosis made in the discharge diagnoses, using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition, with Clinical Modification (ICD-9 CM) codes. In this study, UB cancer included any histopathological type of malignancy involving the UB, which included urothelial carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and sarcoma. To validate the diagnosis of UB cancer, the diagnostic and therapeutic procedure codes for each patient with UB cancer were subsequently assessed: 57.49, other transurethral excision or destruction of lesion or tissue of the UB/endoscopic resection of a UB lesion; 57.33, transurethral biopsy of the UB; 57.33, closed (transurethral) biopsy of the UB; 57.7, total cystectomy; 57.6, partial cystectomy; 57.71, radical cystectomy; 60, operations on the prostate and seminal vesicles; 57.32, other cystoscopy; 57.31, cystoscopy through an artificial stoma; and 96.49, instillation of medication into the urinary tract (Supplementary Table 1, available online).
An updated review on primary signet-ring cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder and report of a case
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Urology, 2018
Maria Elisabeth Lendorf, Line Hammer Dohn, Bara Á Dunga, Anand C. Loya, Helle Pappot
Histopathological examination of transurethral biopsy from the urinary bladder revealed a carcinoma of the signet-ring cell type without any extracellular mucin. Tumor cells were arranged discohesively without any recognizable glandular structures. Signet-ring cells showed diffuse PAS-positive and diastase-resistant intracellular mucin abutting nuclei which appeared indented, conforming to the strict definition of true typical signet-ring cells (Figure 1). There was no other recognized urothelial carcinoma variant noted. Immunohistochemistry showed strong positive reactions for CK20, CDX2 and MUC2, and focal reaction for CK7. However, there were negative reactions for uroplakin-2, GATA3, CD138 and E-cadherin. There were also negative reactions for NKX 3.1, prostate-specific antigen, P501s and CD45, and a normal expression for kappa and lambda light chains. Negative prostate carcinoma markers and strong PAS-positive mucin along with positive CK20 ruled out primary prostate cancer. Based on the histomorphology, immunohistochemistry and clinical findings, the diagnosis of primary SRCC of the urinary bladder was established. Upper endoscopy and colonoscopy were not performed as no findings indicated a primary gastrointestinal cancer.
Percutaneous BCG enhances innate effector antitumor cytotoxicity during treatment of bladder cancer: a translational clinical trial
Published in OncoImmunology, 2019
Niannian Ji, Neelam Mukherjee, Edwin E. Morales, Maggie E. Tomasini, Vincent Hurez, Tyler J. Curiel, Getahun Abate, Dan F. Hoft, Xiang-Ru Zhao, Jon Gelfond, Sourindra Maiti, Laurence J.N. Cooper, Robert S. Svatek
All papillary bladder tumors were resected prior to intravesical BCG administration. Patients with T1 disease underwent restaging transurethral biopsy/resection prior to initiating BCG as per standard-of-care. At 21 days following percutaneous BCG vaccination, prime patients began standard intravesical BCG instillation: 1 vial of TICE® BCG was diluted in 50 ml of sterile saline and instilled into a completely emptied bladder through a urethral catheter with a dwell time of 2 h. BCG induction therapy was given weekly for 6 weeks and maintenance therapy was given in cycles (weekly for 3 weeks) at 3 months, 6 months, and then every 6 months for a total of seven maintenance cycles1 (Figure 1A).