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From Designer Food Formulation to Oxidative Stress Mitigation: Health-Boosting Constituents of Cabbage
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Ramasamy Harikrishnan, The Role of Phytoconstitutents in Health Care, 2020
Faiza Ashfaq, Masood Sadiq Butt, Ahmad Bilal, Kanza Aziz Awan, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria
For the laboratory analyzes of plant extracts, solvent extraction is the most frequently employed extraction procedure. The pH of the solvent is an important factor for extraction purposes. Generally, acidic conditions (using weak acid or strong acid of lower concentration) are preferred for higher stability and easy extractability of phenolic compounds via organic solvents. On the other hand, highly acidic conditions may cause hydrolysis of glyco-sides or acylglycosides altering the native polyphenols picture [154].
Extraction and Therapeutic Potential of Essential Oils: A Review
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Ademola Olabode Ayeleso, T. Jesse Joel, Sujogya Kumar Panda, The Therapeutic Properties of Medicinal Plants, 2019
Solvent extraction (also called liquid-liquid removal or separation) is used to isolate a compound in line with the solubility of its components. This may be done by using two liquids that do not mix, for instance, water and a carbon-based solvent. Liquid extraction is employed to process perfumes, vegetable oils, or biodiesel. During this method, one of the elements of a mix dissolves in a specific liquid, and the other different component is separated as a residue by filtration (Figure 4.5). Solvent extraction is employed on subtle herbs to supply greater quantities of volatile oils at a lower price [9]. The superiority and amount of the mined blend are regulated by the sort of additional warmth as the technique is restricted by the complex solvability within the precise solvent used. Though the procedure is comparatively easy and fairly-effective, yet it experiences certain drawbacks as extended separation time, comparatively extraordinary solvent intake and frequent unsatisfying replicability [11] (Figure 4.6).
Potentials and Challenges in the Production of Microalgal Pigments with Reference to Carotenoids, Chlorophylls, and Phycobiliproteins
Published in Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati, Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Delia B. Rodriguez-Amaya, Iriani R. Maldonade
Conventional solvent extraction is a simple approach but suffers from inherent limitations: use of large volumes of often toxic solvents, long extraction times, low efficiency and selectivity, and disposal of potentially hazardous solvents to the environment (Michalak and Chojnacka, 2015; Poojary et al., 2016). Recent trends in the extraction of carotenoids from microalgae consist of innovative techniques, such as supercritical fluid, microwave-assisted, ultrasound-assisted, enzyme-assisted, and pressurized liquid extractions. Advantages of these techniques are: extraction of biologically active compounds without degradation or loss of activity (Michalak and Chojnacka, 2015), environmentally friendly, higher extraction yield, and shorter process time. Poojary et al. (2016) reviewed the various methods, denoting differences in yield, selectivity, and economic and environmental sustainability.
Biosensors for the detection of mycotoxins
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Akansha Shrivastava, Rakesh Kumar Sharma
Most analytical methods involve some common steps such as sampling, homogenization, extraction followed by a clean-up step to reduce or eradicate unwanted interfering components, followed by separation and detection techniques. Most methods used for the determination of mycotoxin certainly rely on the correct extraction and clean-up methods except ELISA which may not require clean-up. Sampling is the crucial step taken for analysis where all primary samples must be grounded and mixed so that the reliability of results could be established (Seymour Shephard 2008). Different extraction and sampling techniques have been used to obtain clean extract as much as possible. These include extraction with solvents mixtures using organic solvents, such as acetone, acetonitrile, chloroform, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, or methanol, with small amounts of diluted acids or water are often used. In addition, some instrumental solvent extraction such as pressurized liquid extraction also known as accelerated solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and microwave-assisted extraction is also used. This is followed up by clean-up methods including solid-phase extraction, enhanced-phase extraction (immunoaffinity columns, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs)), matrix solid-phase dispersion, solid-phase microextraction, or dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (Rahmani et al. 2009, Pereira et al. 2014) (Figure 2).
Optimal lamination test of ethylene vinyl acetate sheets for solar modules
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2019
The most traditional method for determining the crosslinking state of EVA sheets is the chemical (solvent) extraction method. Chemical extraction has been accepted and used for many years by most module manufacturers to control the lamination quality of EVA encapsulants for solar modules. After an EVA sheet specimen with various crosslinking levels is dissolved in xylene, the weight of the residue is calculated. Next, the degree of crosslinking on EVA sheets is obtained by measuring the gel content, which is equal to the ratio of the insoluble residue divided by the initial mass of the specimen as follows: 2 shows the solvent extraction method. The specifications of the demands for gel content are commonly between 80% and 90%.
Effect of different doses of borneol on the pharmacokinetics of vinpocetine in rat plasma and brain after intraocular administration
Published in Xenobiotica, 2020
Qun Ma, Manman Dai, Huimin Zhang, Luyu Bai, Ning He
Sample pretreatment is a vital step in process analysis for the determination of drugs levels in the plasma and the brain (Yan et al., 2007). We initially attempted to use an organic solvent extraction method (using solvents such as diethyl ether or ethyl acetate), but observed significant substrate inhibition during the extraction process. We chose to extract in methanol to precipitate protein and eliminate interference from the endogenous substances. This extraction procedure may extend the life of the chromatographic column and improve the accuracy and precision of the analytical method. We used progesterone as the IS. The LC–MS/MS method was simple and reliable, and was suitable for the determination of VIN in the rat plasma and the brain.