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Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts and Fractions of Ximenia americana L. (Olacaceae)
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Valdiléia Teixeira Uchôa, Mahendra Rai, Gilmânia Francisca Sousa Carvalho, Herbert Gonzaga Sousa, Patrícia e Silva Alves, Renata da Silva Carneiro
In another study by James et al. (2007), the aqueous and methanolic extracts of the leaves and aqueous extracts of the barks were able to inhibit Shigella flexneri. Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli were not susceptible to the extracts investigated. The authors justify this behavior because Gram-negative bacteria have more complex cell structures. According to Silver and Bostian (1993), the same extract can present different inhibition halos for different strains, and this is combined with the specific resistance of each microorganism. The antimicrobial activity of X. americana in this study is directly related to its chemical composition, mainly regarding the presence of tannins and flavonoids.
The gastrointestinal system
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
Sharon J. White, Francis A. Carey
This is an acute infection of the large bowel causing painful diarrhoea with blood and mucus in the stools. Shigella flexneri and S. dysenteriae can produce mucosal appearances very similar to those of ulcerative colitis, although the more common S. sonnei produces less severe pathology.
Ciclopirox
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
In addition to its broad-spectrum antifungal activity, ciclopirox demonstrates antibacterial activity against a number of Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic as well as anaerobic bacterial species, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., and Corynebacterium spp. (Kokjohn et al., 2003). Compared with econazole and butenafine hydrochloride, ciclopirox olamine has shown to have the broadest activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in vitro, with an MIC range of 0.06–2 μg/ml (Kokjohn et al., 2003). The antibacterial activity provides ciclopirox with an advantage over most other antimycotic agents in the treatment of mixed cutaneous infections such as in macerated tinea pedis. In another study, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus spp., and Shigella flexneri were inhibited by concentrations of ≤ 15.6 μg/ml (Jue et al., 1985). Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, and Corynebacterium diphtheriae required concentrations up to 32 μg/ml for inhibition (Jue et al., 1985).
Mechanisms of bacillary dysentery: lessons learnt from infant rabbits
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Shigella flexneri is the causative agent of bacillary dysentery (blood in stool) in humans.1 There are more than 270 million cases of shigellosis annually, resulting in more than 200,000 deaths.2 This inflammatory disease is characterized by a dramatic ulceration of the colonic mucosa,3,4 herein referred to as epithelial fenestration. S. flexneri is transmitted via the fecal-oral route and is extremely contagious. Studies in human volunteers showed that the attack rate is above 90% with an infectious dose as low as 100–1000 bacteria per individual.5 Infected patients are usually treated with fluid replacement and antibiotics. The lack of an effective vaccine and the emergence of multiple antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) strains are a major health concern worldwide.6
A murine model of diarrhea, growth impairment and metabolic disturbances with Shigella flexneri infection and the role of zinc deficiency
Published in Gut Microbes, 2019
Pedro Henrique Q.S. Medeiros, Solanka E. Ledwaba, David T. Bolick, Natasa Giallourou, Lauren K. Yum, Deiziane V.S. Costa, Reinaldo B. Oriá, Eileen M. Barry, Jonathan R. Swann, Aldo Ângelo M. Lima, Hervé Agaisse, Richard L. Guerrant
Shigella flexneri serotype 2a strain 2457T was used, which is widely employed for genetic studies and clinical challenge studies.51 A nonfunctional mxiG strain (ΔmxiG) was generated in the 2457T strain as previously published to test the influence of the type 3 secretion system (T3SS).52 One day before infection, overnight cultures were grown from glycerol stocks in Luria Bertani broth at 37°C. On the following day, 200 μL of the culture was added to 20 mL DMEM at 37°C in a shaking incubator for 4–5 h. OD600 was used for monitoring. Bacterial growth was centrifuged and resuspended in 2 mL of fresh DMEM. Plate counting was used for confirming the inoculum dose. Each infected mouse received an inoculum ~1x108S. flexneri in 100 µL of freshly prepared DMEM; controls received 100 µL of DMEM alone.
Mechanisms and consequences of gut commensal translocation in chronic diseases
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Rebecca L. Fine, Silvio Manfredo Vieira, Michael S. Gilmore, Martin A. Kriegel
On the other hand, pathogens have developed the machinery to exploit these sampling cells and facilitate their invasion, including pili that mediate adhesion and Type III and IV secretion systems that inject effector proteins into host cells. Salmonella typhimurium targets M cells, leading to their destruction and disruption of the intestinal epithelium.2Shigella flexneri, on the other hand, invades M cells and subsequently reenters enterocytes basolaterally, triggering cell death and inflammation that leads to additional bacterial translocation.3 Mechanisms of invasion by these and other infectious agents including Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella enterica have been described in detail previously.2,4