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Gastrointestinal Infections
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Epidemic diarrhoea is generally caused by Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 (Sd1) or Vibrio cholerae. The former produces a cytotoxin (Shiga toxin), has a low infective dose (10–100 organisms), causes more severe illness and has higher antimicrobial resistance (AMR) than other species of Shigella. If there is a history of ingestion of raw seafood, consider Vibrio vulnificus and Plesiomonas. If neurological symptoms follow diarrhoea, consider Campylobacter jejuni(associated with Guillain–Barré syndrome [GBS]) or Clostridium botulinum.
Gastroenterology
Published in Stephan Strobel, Lewis Spitz, Stephen D. Marks, Great Ormond Street Handbook of Paediatrics, 2019
Infection with E coli is a common, world-wide problem, particularly in developing countries. It is from faecal–oral transmission. E coli are gram-negative motile bacilli, which are some of the most common flora of the healthy large intestine. The pathogenic organisms each have one of four properties that the organisms in the normal flora do not possess. These are intestinal wall invasion, enterotoxin and cytotoxin production, or adherence to the bowel wall. Enterotoxin producing E coli (ETEC) produce heat labile (similar to cholera toxin) and heat stable toxins, which result in profuse diarrhoea.Enteroadherent (EPEC) E coli (tEPEC and aEPEC) infection with its attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions is a major agent in infantile diarrhoea.Enteroinvasive E coli (EIEC) produce the same toxin as the shiga toxin from Shigella dysenteriae. They are spread through contaminated food and water, but can also pass from person to person.Enterohaemorrhagic E coli (EHEC) such as E coli 0157 produce cytotoxin. They are transmitted from cattle, and are often acquired from undercooked fast food.
Bacteria Causing Gastrointestinal Infections
Published in K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika, Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
B. Vinoth, M. Krishna Raja, B. Agieshkumar
Shigella exerts their effect through various mechanisms, which include enterotoxin production, direct invasion, and cytotoxicity. The principal toxins are the Shiga toxin (Stx) primarily produced by S. dysenteriae type 1 and Shiga enterotoxin (ShET). ShET 1 is produced only by S. flexneri type 2a and ShET2 is produced by most of the serotypes, and both are responsible for the early watery diarrhea of their respective species. The pathogenesis of Stx-induced diarrhea and HUS is similar to that of EHEC as described previously. However, the risk is less when compared to EHEC (Bennish et al. 2006).
Recent trends in platelet membrane-cloaked nanoparticles for application of inflammatory diseases
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Zhengyu Fang, Jie Fang, Chunxiao Gao, Rui Gao, Peihong Lin, Wenying Yu
Shiga toxin (STX) is a related protein toxin produced by shigella dysentery and some strains of E. coli. STX may cause severe gastrointestinal diseases and has certain cytotoxicity, enterotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Given that STX binds to platelets via specific glycophospholipid receptors, Li et al. (2018) prepared PM-cloaked magnetic spiral nanomotors with immune escape and adsorption functions, the binding of pathogens was facilitated by PM. In vitro experiments have shown that this biomimetic nanomotors can be selectively bind to STX. Other opportunistic bacteria, such as several strains of Staphylococcus and streptococcus, can adhere to biomimetic nanomotors, and each nanomotor may capture 15 bacteria. Therefore, the PM cloaking of biomimetic nanomotors results in strong affinity for platelet-adhered toxins and pathogens and affords nanomotors efficient detoxification, offering a novel approach for the targeted therapy of bacteriotoxin infections. Furthermore, these PM-cloaked magnetic spiral nanomotors might also protect and support the innate immune function of macrophages or other phagocytic cell types. This biomimetic detoxification strategy merits further exploration as a highly efficient adjunctive therapy.
Recent advances in antibacterial applications of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) and metal nanocomposites (MNCs) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2019
Some serotypes of E. coli can be pathogen by production of Shiga toxin. Urinary tract infections, gastroenteritis, hemorrhagic colitis, Crohn’s disease, and neonatal meningitis are associated with virulent strains of E. coli such as O157:H7 and O104:H4. Antibiotics involving rifaximin, fluoroquinolones, and azithromycin are effective agents against nonresistant strains of E. coli. Extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) can be synthesized by MDR E. coli containing plasmids of antibiotic resistance (CTX-M). These strains have developed resistance against monobactams, cephalosporins, quinolones, and aminoglycosides [19]. In addition, modification of porins (OmpF, OmpC, and PhoE) in outer membrane of E. coli is another resistance mechanism. In this case, there is a lack of porin function, and expression also changes in the type of porins. AcrAB-TolC system is another approach of resistance in which E. coli uses efflux pump to expel fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, fusidic acid, tetracyclines, β-lactams, and novobiocin [1].
Chitosan nano-structure loaded with recombinant E. coli O157:H7 antigens as a vaccine candidate can effectively increase immunization capacity
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Jaleh Khanifar, Ali Hatef Salmanian, Reza Haji Hosseini, Jafar Amani, Rohoallah Kazemi
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7, the main serotype of this species due to the ability of fast colonization on the digestive system is an important zoonotic enteric pathogen that causes Haemorrhagic Colitis (HC) and Haemorrhagic Uremic syndrome (HUS) in humans [1]. The occurrence of acute diarrhoea affected by E. coli strains is very wide-reaching, especially in children and is one of the most important causes of haemorrhages, mainly in areas with a lower level of health [2]. Therefore study the methods by which further immunization against E. coli (EHEC) O157:H7 can be reached, will be crucial. In this regard, researchers initially intended to design EHEC vaccines by screening original antigens and virulence factors of this bacteria [3]. Furthermore, with genetic engineering, a new face of biological knowledge was emerged making it no longer necessary to use the whole body of the pathogen as a vaccine, rather, specific genes and expressions can be used to produce these subunit vaccines reducing the general risks involved [4,5]. The major groups of EHEC virulence factors are the Locus of Enterocyte Effacement (LEE) encoded factors, toxins and adhesions [6,7]. Shiga toxins as Vero toxins are produced by several enteric pathogens, mostly by Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) O157: H7 that cause illness ranging from mild intestinal disease to severe kidney disease [8–10]. They are classified into two distinct groups; Stx1 and Stx2, which are strong AB5 toxins [11]. Stx2 is more potent in toxicity and lethality models in mice, also is more related to severe disease [12]. Until now several Shiga toxin based subunit vaccine strategies using of sticky and nontoxic part of this toxin has been employed to reduce these relevant infections [13–15]. Gao et al., 2011 by applying Stx2B-Stx1B fusion protein in mice model proved 93% survival rate of orally immunized mice challenged with E. coli O157:H7 [16].