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LPD Associated with Epstein–Barr Virus Infection
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Tumor Syndromes, 2020
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous, oncogenic double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family, which comprises several well-known human-infecting viral pathogens including herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1, or human herpesvirus 1), herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2, or human herpesvirus 2), varicella zoster virus (VZV, or human herpesvirus 3), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV, or human herpesvirus 4), cytomegalovirus (CMV, or human herpesvirus 5), Roseolovirus (human herpesviruses 6 and 7), and Kaposi sarcoma−associated herpesvirus (KSHV, or human herpesvirus 8). Of these, EBV and KSHV are classified in the Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily, and primarily target B lymphocytes, epithelial cells, and other cells, with B cells being the site of latency.
Viruses As Potential Direct or Indirect Etiological Agents for CFS
Published in Roberto Patarca-Montero, Treatment of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in the Antiviral Revolution Era, 2014
Some studies suggest an association between human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) (Roseolovirus genus of the betaherpesvirus subfamily) and CFS.92–95 One study found that a high proportion of CFS patients (50 percent by antibody testing and up to 80 percent by nested-PCR detection of viral DNA but not RNA) were infected with HHV-6 but with low viral load. The latter results do not support HHV-6 reactivation in CFS patients.94 Other studies have addressed a possible association between HHV-7 and CFS. Use of the supernatant fluid from HHV-7 infected cells as antigen in immunoassays yielded high and low HHV-7 antibody in sera from chronic fatigue patients and healthy donors as controls, respectively.96
Human Herpesvirus 6A, 6B, and 7 Encephalitis
Published in Sunit K. Singh, Daniel Růžek, Neuroviral Infections, 2013
Joseph Ongrádi, Balázs Stercz, Valéria Kövesdi, Károly Nagy, Joshua Prichett, Dharam V. Ablashi, Steven Jacobson
The spectrum of viruses known to cause encephalitis is continuously growing. Lately, human herpesvirus 6 variants A and B (HHV-6A and HHV-6B) (Salahuddin et al. 1986) and HHV-7 (Frenkel et al. 1990) (Herpesviridae family, Betaherpesvirinae subfamily, Roseolovirus genus) have been identified. These three new virus species cause a diverse array of diseases in children and adults and in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. They may be etiological agents for a vast array of pathological conditions of the central nervous system (CNS) including different forms of encephalitis and epilepsy, acute and prolonged febrile convulsions, aseptic meningitis, meningoencephalitis, encephalopathy, multiple sclerosis (MS), chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), and several types of tumors (Crawford et al. 2009). HHV-6 variants are regarded as prominent neurotropic viruses (Savolainen et al. 2005). Inherent viral properties such as sequence variations and differences in antigenic specificity may be responsible for the diverse pathology, as may various host factors (e.g., genetics, immune state). Manifested clinical syndromes can be acute or chronic. These viruses establish a lifelong latency in CD4+ immune cells, and their reactivation (which is dependent upon the effect of risk factors, e g , immunosuppressive therapy before and after cell or organ transplantation, underlying malignancy, chronic steroid treatment) elicits the onset of debilitating CNS diseases. HHV-6 and HHV-7 can reactivate together (Holden and Vas 2007). They might
Infectious Mononucleosis: diagnosis and clinical interpretation
Published in British Journal of Biomedical Science, 2021
P Naughton, M Healy, F Enright, B Lucey
EBV is a double-stranded DNA oncogenic virus classified under the order Herpesvirales as belonging to the Herpes family of viruses, Herpesviridae. These can be further classified into three subfamilies: α, β and γ (Table 1) [37]. Alpha-herpesvirinae include Human herpesvirus 1 and 2 (HHV-1 and HHV-2) commonly referred to as herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2) and Human herpes virus 3 (HHV-3) (more commonly known as the Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)) which cause herpes labialis/genitalis and chicken-pox, respectively. Beta-herpesvirinae include Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Human herpesvirus-5 (HHV-5) and Roseolovirus (HHV-6, HHV-7) which can cause infectious mononucleosis like infections (IML) and Roseola Infantum, respectively [6,11,37]. Gamma-herpesvirinae include EBV (Human herpesvirus 4, HHV-4) the causative agent of IM which is also implicated in several human cancers including Burkitt’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s and T-cell lymphomas and various gastric and nasopharyngeal carcinomas [9,38–41]. EBV is also associated with several autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis (MS) [34,42–46]. It is also implicated in associated cases of acquired hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) [20,47]. The second virus in this subgroup is Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated virus (KSHV) or more formally known as Human herpes virus 8 (HHV8) responsible for Kaposi’s sarcoma [48].
Longitudinal study on oral shedding of human betaherpesviruses 6 and 7 in renal transplant recipients reveals active replication
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2020
Jéssica Vasques Raposo, Dmitry José De Santana Sarmento, Rafaela Barbosa Da Silva Pinto, Amanda Oliveira Lopes, Marina Gallottini, Tânia Regina Tozetto-Mendoza, Paulo Henrique Braz-Silva, Vanessa Salete de Paula
Roseolovirus co-infection may be considered an evolutionary factor underlying serious diseases [20]. Recently, both HHV-6 and HHV-7 were detected in transplant patients who died of acute liver failure with no defined etiology [7]. Here, we observed high prevalence rates of HHV-6 and HHV-7 before and after transplantation as well as viral co-infection. Persistent DNA in oral fluid represents the reactivation of latent viruses in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients [14]. The prevalence of HHV-6 and HHV-7 in oral fluid samples has been described previously, supporting the utility of this type of sample for diagnostic and epidemiological studies. Furthermore, oral fluid collection is non-invasive and therefore advantageous over serum as a tool for detection and monitoring of roseolovirus infection [3,14,21].