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Order Mononegavirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
The subfamily consists of 8 genera with 34 species. Regarding public healthcare, the most important and dangerous members of the orthoparamyxoviruses are Nipah virus of the Henipavirus genus, measles virus of the Morbillivirus genus, and human parainfluenza viruses (PIVs) 1 and 3 belonging to the Respirovirus genus. The orthoparamyxoviruses remain a serious burden of animal and poultry husbandry. Thus, peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) of the Morbillivirus genus causes disease affecting goats and sheep with up to 80% mortality rate in acute cases, and members of the Atlantic salmon aquaparamyxovirus species of the Aquaparamyxovirus genus are one of the causes of proliferative gill inflammation of salmons that leads to considerable losses in fishery. Sendai virus of the Respirovirus genus is responsible for a highly transmissible respiratory tract infection in mice and occasionally in pigs. Importantly, the rinderpest, or cattle plague, caused by rinderpest virus (RPV) of the Rinderpest morbillivirus species, genus Morbillivirus, was officially proclaimed by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization as fully eradicated, making it the second eliminated disease after smallpox in world history (A world without rinderpest 2014).
Viruses
Published in Loretta A. Cormier, Pauline E. Jolly, The Primate Zoonoses, 2017
Loretta A. Cormier, Pauline E. Jolly
Human parainfluenza viruses belong to two genera. HPIV-1 and −3 are members of the genus Respirovirus, and HPIV-2 and −4 belong to the genus Rubulavirus, which also includes the mumps virus. Both Respirovirus and Rubulavirus are transmitted through direct contact, respiratory droplets, or fomites (Ison 2015; Litman and Baum 2015). The parainfluenza viruses occur worldwide and are responsible for upper and lower respiratory tract infections, particularly in children (Ison 2015). Most infections are mild and self-limiting, but HPIV-3 can be more severe and is the most likely of the four types to be associated with bronchiolitis and pneumonia (Ison 2015). Mumps infection also occurs worldwide and typically occurs in children and adolescents but is less common since the development of a vaccine in the late 1960s (Litman and Baum 2015). Mumps is typically mild and self-limiting with characteristic swelling of the parotid or salivary glands; rarely it progresses to meningitis, encephalitis, epididymo-orchitis, and oophoritis (Litman and Baum 2015). A few cases of HPIV and mumps have been documented in wild primates, with HPIV-2 and HPIV-3 in Kenyan baboons and HPIV-3 and mumps in Bornean orangutans.
Human Parainfluenza Virus Infections
Published in Sunit K. Singh, Human Respiratory Viral Infections, 2014
Eric T. Beck, Kelly J. Henrickson
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are members of the family Paramyxoviridae in the order Mononegavirales. The family is further divided into two subfamilies: Pneumovirinae and Paramyxovirinae. HPIVs, of which there are currently four recognized viruses (HPIV-1, -2, -3, and -4) are members of the subfamily Paramyxovirinae, HPIV-1 and -3 are members of the genus Respirovirus and HPIV-2 and -4 are members of the genus Rubulavirus. HPIVs, like all members of the family Paramyxoviridae, contain nonsegmented, single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) genomes.
Tuberculosis vaccine BCG: the magical effect of the old vaccine in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2022
Ashok Aspatwar, Wenping Gong, Shuyong Wang, Xueqiong Wu, Seppo Parkkila
In addition to the human studies showing nonspecific effects of BCG against pathogens and cancers, the experiments in mice also provide evidence that BCG enhances protection against viral infections (Table 2). It has been shown in vitro that mouse macrophages sensitized by BCG were more effective in reducing the titers of influenza virus than control macrophages [42]. In addition, an in vivo study in mice showed that BCG confers protection against influenza virus infection, and the effect is independent of IFN-γ [42]. Recent studies also showed that the use of BCG enhances the protection against Influenza A virus by increasing the levels of efferocytosis by alveolar phagocytes and leads to reduced inflammation and lung injury compared to the control group [43]. A single intradermal BCG dose has also been shown to protect against Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2) in a controlled newborn mouse model [41]. In another study, administration of muramyl dipeptide (MDP), a component of mycobacterial cell wall and known activator of IL-1α and IL-1β [54], protected mice against Vaccinia virus and HSV2. Interestingly, the conferred protection was independent of IFN-γ induction and was mediated by peritoneal macrophages [49]. Similarly, the mice given the MDP component of mycobacterial peptidoglycan were protected against the infection by Murine respirovirus or Sendai virus [51].
Protective antibodies against human parainfluenza virus type 3 infection
Published in mAbs, 2021
Jim Boonyaratanakornkit, Suruchi Singh, Connor Weidle, Justas Rodarte, Ramasamy Bakthavatsalam, Jonathan Perkins, Guillaume B.E. Stewart-Jones, Peter D. Kwong, Andrew T. McGuire, Marie Pancera, Justin J. Taylor
Since HPIV types 1–4 are related, cross-neutralizing antibodies may exist in the B cell repertoire. Of the parainfluenza viruses, HPIV1 and HPIV3 are phylogenetically the most closely related, belonging to the same Respirovirus genus. However, immunity is type-specific and vaccination of non-human primates with one type does not induce cross-neutralization.25 The resolution of available structural maps has limited the analysis of potential epitope conservation between HPIV3 and HPIV1.25 None of the HPIV3-neutralizing antibodies described here neutralize HPIV1.