China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Bacterial Communities in the Pathogenesis of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Published in David J. Hackam, Necrotizing Enterocolitis, 2021
Brigida Rusconi, Misty Good, Barbara Warner
The seminal human study by Wang et al. looked at samples collected at NEC diagnosis and compared them to matched controls (9). Despite the limited sample size, they were able to identify an increase in Proteobacteria and reduced diversity in stool samples of infants with NEC. Two twin case studies confirmed the increase in Proteobacteria and reduction in diversity even before NEC onset (33, 34). Other small cohort studies showed similar patterns (35–38). Furthermore, a more recent prospective cohort study with over 900 preterm infants by Warner et al. confirmed that the microbial community is altered prior to NEC development (39, 40). Infants in this prospective cohort that later developed NEC have a significant increase in Gammaproteobacteria and decrease in Negativicutes 2 weeks before onset compared to birth weight– and day of life–matched control preterm infants (39, 40). We would like to note that the high intrainfant and interinfant variability in the microbial community increases the underlying noise in the data, highlighting the importance of carefully selected controls (match by day of life, gestational age, and birth weight) as well as a high number of samples in each group to reach statistical power.
The Aedes Fauna: Different Aedes Species Inhabiting the Earth
Published in Jagriti Narang, Manika Khanuja, Small Bite, Big Threat, 2020
Annette Angel, Bennet Angel, Neelam Yadav, Jagriti Narang, Surender Singh Yadav, Vinod Joshi
Nad4 gene was used for identification of the species in Germany and Liguria (Pfitzner et al., 2018; Ballardini et al., 2019). A total of 62 proteins are enlisted in the NCBI database that includes COX 1 subunit, NAD 4, and β tubulin. Microbiota present in Aedes koreicus has been demonstrated by Alfano and his team (2019) using 16srRNA for characterizing purposes. V3 and V4 regions of the 16s rDNA was used for sequencing of microbiota. The results showed presence of Proteobacteria species in the observed adults (84%) and larvae (66%), specifically Gammaproteobacteria followed by Bacteroidetesand Actinobacteria in the water, larvae, and pupae collected and Alphaproteobacteria in the adult forms collected. Firmicutes were also observed in all, except water samples. Pseudomonas, Gilliamella, Dyella and Pantoea, and Enterobacteriacea family were also seen in adults. When the trend of microbial fauna in the water samples and the larval and adult forms were compared, it was seen that only 10% of those found in water reached the larval gut and established themselves there, and as the life cycle continued, only few microbial fauna were able to invade the pupal and then the adult system (Alfani et al., 2019).
Commensal microbiota and its relationship to homeostasis and disease
Published in Phillip D. Smith, Richard S. Blumberg, Thomas T. MacDonald, Principles of Mucosal Immunology, 2020
Jonathan Braun, Elaine Y. Hsiao, Nicholas Powell
The mucosa of the lower respiratory tract is minimally colonized by microbiota, although this assessment may change when it comes under study using culture-independent metagenomic analysis. In contrast, the microbiota of the nasal passage (nares) contains a rich, complex microbiome. The majority is derived from just two bacterial phyla, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. A minor contribution is made by Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and four other rare phyla. As expected, the nares microbiome is characteristic and is more similar between individuals than it is to other anatomic sites within the same individual. However, interindividual variation is also a feature, representing a relatively stable trait. Because aspects of the microbial fingerprint are shared among couples living together, the composition of this microbiome is likely to reflect a shared residential environment.
A multidisciplinary approach to the comparison of three contrasting treatments on both lampenflora community and underlying rock surface
Published in Biofouling, 2023
Rosangela Addesso, Daniela Baldantoni, Beatriz Cubero, José Maria De La Rosa, José Antonio González Pérez, Igor Tiago, Ana Teresa Caldeira, Jo De Waele, Ana Z. Miller
A total of 1,428 OTUs were obtained for the 8 samples for Bacteria, and 467 OTUs for Eukaryotes. The major phylum in the bacterial community of the bare control surface (Figure 5A) was the Cyanobacteria (41.2%) dominated by the class Cyanophyceae (41.2%) (Figure 5B) and the order Nostocales (39.3%) (Figure 5C). This was followed by the phylum Proteobacteria (36.0%), dominated by Alpha- (15.1%), Beta- (8.8%) and Gamma-proteobacteria (8.6%) classes (Figure 5B). Members belonging to the phyla Acidobacteria (5.0%), Bacteroidetes (3.3%), Actinobacteria (2.4%), Firmicutes (2.1%), Nitrospirae (1.5%) and unclassified phyla (6.0%) were also detected (Figure 5A). The control samples from the surface with vermiculations (Figure 5A) exhibited a bacterial composition similar to the bare surface, with phylum Proteobacteria (59.8%), dominated by the classes Gamma- (24.7%), Beta- (24.7%) and Alpha-proteobacteria (7.1%) (Figure 5B), followed by unclassified Bacteria (9.9%) and several phyla: Firmicutes (9.0%), Nitrospirae (5.4%), Bacteroidetes (4.8%), Acidobacteria (3.3%), Actinobacteria (2.8%), Chloroflexi (1.8%), and Gemmatimonadetes (1.2%). Members of the phylum Cyanobacteria were detected with a relative abundance of 0.4%.
A decrease in functional microbiomes represented as Faecalibacterium affects immune homeostasis in long-term stable liver transplant patients
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Soon Kyu Lee, JooYeon Jhun, Seung Yoon Lee, Sukjung Choi, Sun Shim Choi, Myeong Soo Park, Seon-Young Lee, Keun-Hyung Cho, A Ram Lee, Joseph Ahn, Ho Joong Choi, Young Kyoung You, Pil Soo Sung, Jeong Won Jang, Si Hyun Bae, Seung Kew Yoon, Mi-La Cho, Jong Young Choi
Because of the different diversity in fecal microbial composition between long-term post-LT patients and healthy controls, we analyzed the linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) on the fecal microbiome to identify differences in the abundance microbiome between the two groups (Figure 2a-c). At the phylum level, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were dominant in both long-term post-LT patients and controls. Interestingly, Proteobacteria , including pathogenic species, were significantly increased in long-term post-LT patients. At the family level, significant differences were observed between the two groups with a decrease in Ruminococcaceae and Peptostreptococcaceae , and an increase in Bacteroidaceae in long-term post-LT patients.
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy induce substantial and persistent changes in microbial communities and metabolic pathways
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Jerry T. Dang, Valentin Mocanu, Heekuk Park, Michael Laffin, Naomi Hotte, Shahzeer Karmali, Daniel W. Birch, Karen L. Madsen
RYGB led to a consistent decrease in markers of systemic inflammation, including temporal decreases in CRP, WBC, and ferritin. This was despite the microbial composition shifting toward purportedly pro-inflammatory and pathologic bacterial phyla Proteobacteria, and genera including Escherichia-Shigella and Klebsiella.18 The mechanism for increased Proteobacteria following RYGB is thought to be secondary to an alkalized environment of the proximal enteral tract due to exclusion of the acid-producing stomach after RYGB. Proteobacteria are less acid adaptive than other phyla and increasingly alkaline environments encourage their proliferation.19 Increased oxygen within the intestinal lumen after RYGB may also contribute to this proliferation since Proteobacteria includes many species that produce enzymes such as catalase and superoxide dismutase that can neutralize reactive oxygen species.20,21