China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Impact of Probiotics on Human Gut Microbiota and the Relationship with Obesity
Published in Marcela Albuquerque Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc, Jean Guy LeBlanc, Raquel Bedani, Lactic Acid Bacteria, 2020
Fernanda Bianchi, Katia Sivieri
According to Graham et al. (2015), the main source of LPS is the Prevotellaceae family (Gram-negative bacterial subgroup belonging to Bacteroidetes phylum), which is found in great abundance in the gut microbiota of obese people (Graham et al. 2015).
Obesity
Published in Mary J. Marian, Gerard E. Mullin, Integrating Nutrition Into Practice, 2017
Sherif El Behiry, Laura E. Matarese, Hossam M. Kandil
Microbiota can influence host adiposity by energy extraction from the diet, with variable efficiency depending on community composition or by influencing metabolism throughout the body [69,70]. Gut microbiota increase serum levels of glucose and short-chain fatty acids, which induce triglyceride production in the liver, and are associated with greater adiposity and reduced glucose tolerance [70]. Mice raised in aseptic isolators are significantly leaner than conventionally raised mice despite their considerably greater food intake. Additionally, they are resistant to diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance [70]. Prevotellaceae, a subgroup of Bacteroidetes, are significantly enriched in obesity, again raising the potentially important issue of gut microbiota as a confounding factor [71].
Cough Formation in Viral Infections in Children
Published in Sunit K. Singh, Human Respiratory Viral Infections, 2014
O’Grady Kerry-Ann F., Ian M. Mackay, Anne B. Chang
Next-generation or high-throughput sequencing has been used to examine the diversity of bacteria in the URT.179,180 This diversity is usually quantified in terms of the 16S rDNA sequence. The healthy adult nasopharynx is notable for the presence of skin lineages, including Staphylococcaceae, Propionibacteriaceae, and Corynebacteriaceae, and those found in the oral cavity such as Streptococcaceae, Veillonellaceae, and Prevotellaceae, but that each adult’s URT and LRT microbial communities are more similar to within individuals than between individuals.180
The probiotic L. casei LC-XCAL™ improves metabolic health in a diet-induced obesity mouse model without altering the microbiome
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Calum J. Walsh, Selena Healy, Paul W. O’Toole, Eileen F. Murphy, Paul D. Cotter
The composition of the fecal microbiota was examined for correlations between microbial relative abundances and the physiological measurements recorded. A total of 2483 correlations were performed; resulting in 25 significant associations (FDR corrected p < .1). Only four of the physiological measurements were significantly associated with microbiota composition but, notably, these were plasma HDL cholesterol, plasma total cholesterol, fat mass, and body weight. All significant correlations are detailed in Table S3. The Akkermansia genus showed that the some of the strongest correlations in the dataset, exhibiting negative relationships with body weight (−0.53, p = .029775172), fat mass (−0.6, p = .004922817), plasma HDL (−0.48, p = .078125976), and plasma total cholesterol (−0.47, p = .078125976). An uncultured member of the Prevotellaceae family also showed a strong negative relationship with fat mass (−0.48325828, p = .078125976). ANOVA reported a significant inverse relationship between alpha-diversity and fat mass (Shannon: R2 = 0.1484, p = .00686; Simpson: R2 = 0.1544, p = .00574), meaning that mice with low fat mass possessed a more diverse microbiota.
Pomegranate peel extract ameliorates the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via modulation of gut microbiota
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Xin-Yu Lu, Bing Han, Xin Deng, Si-Ying Deng, Yan-Yan Zhang, Pei-Xin Shen, Teng Hui, Rui-Heng Chen, Xing Li, Yuan Zhang
Fecal samples were collected at the peak time point of the clinical disease. The V3-V4 hypervariable region sequencing of 16S rDNA was used to analyze the changes in the gut microbiota induced by PPE. No significant change was observed in the total OTU count of gut microbiota (Figure 6(a)). Venn diagram was used to visualize and compare commonalities and characteristics of species (such as OTU) in environmental samples. The common OTU of PPE and PBS was 601, and the characteristic OUT of PBS was 30, of which 60 OUT was unique to PPE (Figure 6(b)). Alpha diversity reflects the richness and diversity of microbiota diversity. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) showed that there was a clear clustering pattern between PPE and PBS (Figure 6(c)). The Chao index (α-diversity) of gut microbiota increased significantly under PPE treatment (Figure 6(d)). Percent of community abundance on family level illustrated an alteration in the composition of the gut microbiota, the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae was higher and Bacteroidales_S24_7 was lower in the PPE group than that of PBS-treated mice (Supplementary Figure S3(a, b)). These data indicated that the composition of gut microbiota has been basically reshaped under PPE treatment.
Microbiota-gut brain axis involvement in neuropsychiatric disorders
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2019
Luigi Francesco Iannone, Alberto Preda, Hervé M. Blottière, Gerard Clarke, Diego Albani, Vincenzo Belcastro, Marco Carotenuto, Annamaria Cattaneo, Rita Citraro, Cinzia Ferraris, Francesca Ronchi, Gaia Luongo, Elisa Santocchi, Letizia Guiducci, Pietro Baldelli, Paola Iannetti, Sigrid Pedersen, Andrea Petretto, Stefania Provasi, Kaja Selmer, Alberto Spalice, Anna Tagliabue, Alberto Verrotti, Nicola Segata, Jakob Zimmermann, Carlo Minetti, Paolo Mainardi, Carmen Giordano, Sanjay Sisodiya, Federico Zara, Emilio Russo, Pasquale Striano
Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) diseases are severe chronic neurodegenerative pathologies with dramatic consequences and a growing global incidence. Despite more than 50 years of intense research in the field, the available therapies are still only oriented towards symptomatic control. It is relevant to note that many neurodegenerative disorders share similar molecular mechanisms, involving misfolded protein aggregates, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress, suggesting that an hitherto unidentified upstream, common pathogenetic event might be involved [112]. Several studies suggest a possible ‘microbiota-approach’ to neurodegeneration [113]. For instance, in PD the olfactory epithelium and the gut are early affected, two tissues with high concentration of micro-organisms [114,115]. Some studies analyzed the gut microbiota in PD patients with the aim to link progressive stages of the disease with variations in gut microbiota composition and point out the differences compared to healthy controls [116]. A reduction in the abundance of Prevotellaceae/Prevotella spp. and Bacteroidaceae/Bacteroides spp. in fecal samples of PD patients as compared to healthy controls and an increase in the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Enterobacteriacae have been reported [117,118]. Furthermore, the increase of these latter has been correlated with the severity of motor deficit PD-related [119].