China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Gut Microbiota—Specific Food Design
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Santosh K. Mishra, Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants in Food Design, 2022
Aparna V. Sudhakaran, Himanshi Solanki
A change in the dietary lipid can cause modulation in the gut microbiota composition [56]. The ingested lipids will be digested mainly in the small intestine. A low-fat diet (plant-based) favors the growth of Lactic acid bacteria, Bifidobacteria and Bacteroidetes [64]. A walnut-enriched diet was reported to increase Ruminococcaceae and Bifidobacteria, and decrease the Clostridium sp. cluster XIVa species [5]. The saturated fat predominant western diet was found to enhance Bilophila and Faecalibacterium, and reduce Bacteroidetes, Bacteroides, Prevotella, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium [13, 64].
Lifestyle Factors in Cancer Survivorship
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2020
Western-style diets commonly lead to suboptimal microflora, which leads to troubling symptoms such as indigestion, abdominal bloating, and colicky pains. In the longer term, poor gut health is linked to increased inflammatory markers such as interleukin (IL)1, 2, and 8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, C-reactive protein, and gamma interferon, and lower anti-inflammatory markers such as IL 4, IL 10, 22, IL 6, 11, and 13. This chronic inflammation has been linked to a higher risk of degenerative conditions such as osteoarthritis, type 2 diabetes, and cognitive disorders. In terms of cancer, chronic inflammation can lead to increased intracellular oxidative stress and reduced immunosurveillance. Animal experiments have found that Bacteroidetes growth in the colon leads to the inhibition of carcinogens in the colon and a lower rate of polyp formation. This was attributed to the pH-lowering effect of Bifidobacteria in the colon, which subsequently inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria.52 A decrease in pathogenic microorganisms also modulated enzymes that convert pro-carcinogens such as nitrates to carcinogens such as nitrosamines, potentially increasing the risk of cancer within and outside the gut.
Alzheimer’s Disease, the Microbiome, and 21st Century Medicine
Published in David Perlmutter, The Microbiome and the Brain, 2019
In what is almost surely a reductive approach, we define the microbiome as the assemblage of non-Homo sapiens organisms that make up the human organismal system. In doing so, however, we also must recognize nonetheless that neither part could function effectively without the other. More than 1,000 species that comprise the human gut microbiome include anaerobic and aerobic bacteria, fungi, protozoa, archaea, viruses, and bacteriophages. Anaerobic bacteria, such as those from the phyla Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes dominate the overall microbial composition. As described in detail below, these species contribute to illness in numerous ways. In addition to these species, there are of course important contributions from the mitochondria, a major member of the “intracytoplasmic microbiome.”
Metagenomics study on taxonomic and functional change of gut microbiota in patients with obesity with PCOS treated with exenatide combination with metformin or metformin alone
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2023
Jingwen Gan, Jie Chen, Rui-Lin Ma, Yan Deng, Xue-Song Ding, Shi-Yang Zhu, Ai-Jun Sun
To further investigate the meaningful different microbial changes between the COM and MF groups, we used the LDA effect size (LEfSe) method. In our study, Verrucomicrobiales, Akkermansia, Bacteroides_xylanisolvens, Clostridium innocuum were greater dominant in the MF group. Huang et al. [47] has reported that metformin could increase intestinal Akkermansia abundance, reduce serum IFN-γ levels, and inhibit macrophage apoptosis in the ovary. Apoptosis of macrophage can disrupt the production of estrogen and promote granulosa cell apoptosis. Therefore, inhibition of macrophage apoptosis can improve the clinical phenotype of PCOS. On the other hand, Akkermansia plays a role in the prevention and treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other metabolic dysfunctions [48], which is of great benefit to alleviate metabolic disorders in patients with obesity with PCOS. Bacteroidetes are widely recognized as beneficial intestinal flora due to alleviating inflammation by modulating lymphocyte and cytokine expression, controlling metabolism and preventing cancer. Bacteroides_xylanisolvens is the first food-added ingredient approved by the European Commission [49]. There is currently no consensus on the association of Clostridium innocuum with intestinal function. Ha et al. [50] have pointed out that it may play a protective role in the intestine, while Cherny et al. [51] has found that Clostridium innocuum is an emerging gastrointestinal opportunistic pathogen that causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea.
AST-120 Treatment Alters the Gut Microbiota Composition and Suppresses Hepatic Triglyceride Levels in Obese Mice
Published in Endocrine Research, 2021
Yuki Hiraga, Tetsuya Kubota, Makoto Katoh, Yasushi Horai, Hiroyuki Suzuki, Yusuke Yamashita, Rieko Hirata, Masao Moroi
The bacterial phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes are known to account for the majority of the gut microbiota in humans.3 NAFLD has been reported to be associated with a decrease in the relative abundance of some species of Firmicutes in the gut microbiota.4 Wang et al. reported an increase in the number of Bacteroidetes and decrease in the number of Firmicutes in patients with NAFLD as compared to the observations in non-NAFLD patients.5 Another study reported that the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes tended to be higher in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes (B/F) ratio has been reported to be significantly increased in patients with NASH.6,7 These reports provide evidence to suggest that changes of the gut microbiota composition are closely associated with the development and improvement of NAFLD.
Safety and Effect of a Low- and High-Dose Multi-Strain Probiotic Supplement on Microbiota in a General Adult Population: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2021
Annie Tremblay, Asmaa Fatani, Amanda L. Ford, Amanda Piano, Varuni Nagulesapillai, Jeremie Auger, Chad W. MacPherson, Mary C. Christman, Thomas A. Tompkins, Wendy J. Dahl
The Firmicutes genus Holdemania was correlated with impaired lipid and glucose metabolism clinical indicators (Lippert et al. 2017). Conversely, members of the Bacteroidetes phylum, which comprises the order Bacteroidales, were inversely correlated with metabolic disease parameters as they were enriched in non-obese individuals without metabolic syndrome (Lippert et al. 2017). In addition, species from the Bacteroidales order (namely the Bacteroides) have been identified as potential drivers of leanness in another study (Ridaura et al. 2013). Considering that Bacteroidales increased at visit 2 in the 5B and 25B groups, while Holdemania decreased during and after probiotic supplement administration, we explored the possibility that the Firmicutes-Bacteroidetes ratio could be influenced by the probiotic supplement.