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Clinical Record: Oncological Screening
Published in Paloma Tejero, Hernán Pinto, Aesthetic Treatments for the Oncology Patient, 2020
In the 1960s, exfoliative cervicovaginal cytology or the Papanicolaou test was introduced as the main diagnostic method. Screening allows for detection of both precursor lesions and invasive cancer, with the purpose of preventing its occurrence or diagnosing cancer in the early stages. Papanicolaou cytology is a simple procedure based on the morphological study of cervical cells scraped from different locations. The sample obtained is later examined under a microscope, and results are interpreted; the Bethesda Classification System provides a standardized terminology that, aside from classifying findings, also assesses the suitability of the sample [30].
Nutraceutical’s Role in Proliferation and Prevention of Gynecological Cancers
Published in Sheeba Varghese Gupta, Yashwant V. Pathak, Advances in Nutraceutical Applications in Cancer, 2019
Aaishwarya B. Deshmukh, Jayvadan K. Patel, Bharat Mishra
Adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are the two main histological types of cervical cancers present. The large number of cervical cancer cases are associated with HPV types (the human papillomavirus types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, and more); worldwide, the persistent infections with HPV16 and 18 cause about 70% of total cervical cancers [6]. Other carcinogenic exposures to the cervix are exposure to diethylstilbestrol, use of oral contraceptives combined with estrogen and progestogen, HIV1 infection, and tobacco smoking. In general, the cervical cancer can be controlled through early detection, supported by Pap test or an HPV test. Cervical cancer can also be prevented by HPV vaccines. Current line of treatment for cervical cancer is Papanicolaou test (PAP test) and it is used to detect potentially precancerous and cancerous processes in the cervix. In late stages, chemotherapy for, for example, cisplatin and topotecan, radical trachelectomy, and/or radiation therapy as radioactive implants are used. In addition, pelvic exenteration is also done, where the urinary bladder, urethra, rectum, and anus are removed, if radiation therapy leaves cancer in pelvic [7].
Neoplasia in pregnancy
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) arises in the transformation zone between squamous-lined ectocervix and columnar-lined endocervix and has a peak age in the mid to late twenties. Over recent years, the integral role of that HPV plays in the genesis of CIN and subsequent transformation into malignant cells has been further elucidated. The progression of CIN to invasive disease does not appear to be accelerated by pregnancy, despite the possibility that pregnancy represents an immunocompromised state and may even activate HPV infections. As in the nonpregnant state, the screening method of choice for CIN is the Papanicolaou test, which should be performed at the first prenatal visit. Although not approved by the manufacturer for use in pregnancy, studies have shown that use of the standard cytobrush is safe and effective during pregnancy and can be routinely employed when obtaining cervical cells for evaluation. Although the pregnant cervix differs from the nonpregnant cervix with the appearance of greater inflammation, larger ectropion, and the presence of decidual cells (Arias-Stella reaction) that mimic atypical cells, evidence demonstrates that the accuracy of the Pap test in pregnancy remains unchanged. LaPolla and colleagues (18) reported a cytologic and histologic concordance rate of 84% in 248 pregnant patients with abnormal Pap tests who underwent colposcopically directed biopsies and found no false-negative results after rigorous postpartum follow-up. Furthermore, in pregnancy, the transformation zone is expanded and, as such, a Pap test obtained during pregnancy that lacks endocervical cells should be repeated.
Vaginoplasty: What's New From 1946 to Date Commentary on: Vaginoplasty with Acellular Dermal Matrix after Radical Resection for Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2019
Roberto Cuomo, Luca Grimaldi, Cesare Brandi, Andrea Sisti, Giuseppe Nisi
The main reason for a surgeon to perform a vaginoplasty, however, remains the cancer, in particular the uterine cervix carcinoma. Its epidemiology has undergone radical change in the last 10 years: screenings with Papanicolaou test (Pap-test) allows more and more patients to develop precancerous or early cancer, with a significant reduction in mortality. Gold standard treatment for patients with uterine cervix carcinoma at stage Ia to IIb is radical resection including a part of the vagina plus radiotherapy.12–14 Despite gold standard, surgery and radiotherapy often produce important reconstructive issues determining a narrowing of vagina with significant problems for patients.15–17
The association between micronucleus, nucleoplasmic bridges, and nuclear buds frequency and the degree of uterine cervical lesions
Published in Biomarkers, 2018
Goneta Gashi, Vesna Mahovlić, Suzana Manxhuka–Kerliu, Arjeta Podrimaj-Bytyqi, Luljeta Gashi, Isa R. Elezaj
Despite its severity, cervical cancer responds favorable to secondary preventive measures when detected in early stages (Gandhi and Kaur 2003). The Papanicolaou test (Pap smears) is the main measure for the prevention of this type of cancer (Nersesyan 2007). Also, the implementation of HPV DNA testing in cervical screening leads to earlier detection of cervical lesions (Bulkmans et al.2007). However, the Papanicolaou test is not completely effective in the diagnosis of lesions as demonstrated by the 20% rate of false-negatives and false-positives (Nanda et al.2000, Sawaya et al.2005, Hoda et al.2013).
Human papillomavirus: present and future perspective in Saudi Arabia
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2021
Moreover, there is this assumption that the research in HPV is within multiple revenues, which limits the development of suitable vaccines. Nevertheless, the introduction of effective cervical cancer control requires a combination of several factors including early detection (Al-Madani et al. 2019) by the introduction of the Papanicolaou test (Pap. Test) through the implementation of a sustainable screening programme in Saudi Arabia.