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Chemical Structure of Lipid A: Recent Advances in Structural Analysis of Biologically Active Molecules
Published in Helmut Brade, Steven M. Opal, Stefanie N. Vogel, David C. Morrison, Endotoxin in Health and Disease, 2020
Ulrich Zähringer, Buko Lindner, Ernst T. Rietschel
The dimethyl-monophosphoryl lipid A derivatives turned out to be suitable for analytical NMR spectroscopy, because these can be separated by preparative HPLC or layer chromatography (pLC) prior to NMR analysis. In using this protocol, lipid A structures of the following bacteria were analyzed: S. enterica svs. Typhimurium (12) and Minnesota (118), E. coli (13), E. carotovora (66), Pantoea agglomerans (119), Comamonas testosteroni (116), and Porphyromonas gingivalis (114). Despite the different origins of these lipid A and despite the differences in the location and chemical nature of the various fatty acids, the lipid A backbone in all these studies was found to consist of a β-(1’→6)-interlinked GlcpN disaccharide with unsubstituted hydroxyl groups at C-6’ and C-4, as was shown for the first time by this protocol for HPLC-purified dimethyl-monophosphoryl lipid A preparations of S. enterica sv. Typhimurium (12,62).
Patulin
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Alejandro Hernández, Alicia Rodríguez, Santiago Ruiz-Moyano, Francisco Pérez-Nevado, Juan J. Córdoba, Alberto Martín
Among alternatives to fungicides, biological control has given promising results in the last years. Naturally occurring bacteria and yeasts from vegetable surfaces have shown the ability to control P. expansum in preharvest [133] and postharvest applications [134,135]. In this sense, Metschnikowia fructicola AL27 has showed control efficacy similar to synthetic fungicides, such as imazalil and pyrimethanil, over blue mold rot and reduction of patulin [136]. The application of this antagonistic yeast reduced its presence as well. The application of strain Candida sake CPA-1 presented similar activity against P. expansum as application of fungicides such as imazalil or thiabendazole [137,138]. Morales et al. [139] evaluated the antagonistic capability of the yeast Candida sake and the bacteria Pantoea agglomerans against P. expansum development and patulin accumulation in bruised apples. Overall, C. sake clearly was effective in controlling blue rot development; P. agglomerans controlled patulin accumulation. Other antagonistic bacteria that tested successfully against P. expansum were Rahnella aquatilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens, reaching reductions of 30%–100% in rotten apples [140,141].
Tigecycline
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Tetracycline-resistant Enterobacteriaceae show a modest reduction in susceptibility to tigecycline, with a reported maximum MIC90 of 4 mg/l. This appears to be species-related: up to twofold reductions for E. coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and Pantoea agglomerans, and up to fourfold reductions for Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., and Citrobacter spp. (Fritsche et al., 2005c). Other resistance mechanisms have no influence on the MIC values, including the resistance mechanisms for E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., and Serratia marcescens with and without ESBLs (Bouchillon et al., 2005; Fritsche et al., 2005c), AmpC hyperproducers (Bouchillon et al., 2005), carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, serine- and metallo-beta-lactamase (MbetaL)–producing strains (KPC-2 or -3, VIM-1, IMP-1, SME-2, and NMC-A) (Castanheira et al., 2008), fluoroquinolone resistance, fluoroquinolone/ampicillin resistance phenotype, fluoroquinolone/trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole resistance phenotype, and for isolates with multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotypes (Zhanel et al., 2006).
The effect of levofloxacin on the lung microbiota of laboratory rats
Published in Experimental Lung Research, 2019
Sade M. B. Finn, Uwe Scheuermann, Zoie E. Holzknecht, Qimeng Gao, Mohamed M. Ibrahim, William Parker, Joshua a. Granek, Shu S. Lin, Erin a. McKenney, Andrew S. Barbas
In our study, levofloxacin treatment lead to a selection of the bacterial genus Pantoea. Pantoea are a highly diverse group of gram-negative bacteria in the Enterobacteriacea family. In animals and in humans, Pantoea are commensal, opportunistic organisms detected in wound infections, infected urinary tracts, and patients with sepsis and meningitis.45,46 Little is known regarding antibiotic resistance, pathogenicity and virulence of bacteria of the Pantoea genus. The best described species of this genus is Pantoea agglomerans. In a study by Mardaneh et al.,47Pantoea agglomerans isolated from powdered infant formula milk were susceptible to levofloxacin, but about half of isolates were resistant to the antibiotics cefotaxime, moxifloxacin, cotrimoxazole, and ticarcillin. Moreover, multidrug resistant Pantoea agglomerans species have been described in a case report.48 Studies in animals showed that extracts of Pantoea agglomerans can lead to lung inflammation and fibrosis.49 However, there was no evidence of respiratory infection or inflammation in our (healthy, immune competent) animals after four days of levofloxacin treatment.
Pantoe Agglomerans Endophthalmitis after Phaco Surgery: The First Case in Literature
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2020
Ozge Begum Comba, Seren Pehlivanoglu, Zerrin Bayraktar, Sinan Albayrak, Muharrem Karakaya
Pantoea agglomerans (formerly Enterobacter agglomerans) is a gram-negative aerobic bacillus of the species Enterobacteriaceae. Some types of the genus Pantoea can be found in plants, which can be an infectious agent in humans and a cause of opportunistic human infections, generally through penetrating trauma with plant material, or as a hospital-acquired infection, mostly in immunosuppressed patients.3 P. Agglomerans causes infections such as synovitis, arthritis, ostitis, peritonitis, cholelithiasis in human. It also has pulmonary affinity that can be life-threatening in children.4