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Order Bunyavirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
The huge Bunyavirales order includes therefore in total 12 families, 4 subfamilies, 54 genera, and 477 species altogether. Moreover, the order is of great medicinal importance. Although members of the order are generally found in arthropods or rodents, some of them occasionally infect humans, such as highly dangerous representatives of the families Arenaviridae (Lassa, Tacaribe, and Junin viruses of the Mammarenavirus genus, as well as many other mammarenaviruses), Hantaviridae (Hantaan, Puumala, and other orthohantaviruses of the Orthohantavirus genus), Nairoviridae (Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus of the Orthonairovirus genus), Peribunyaviridae (numerous orthobunyaviruses including Bunyamwera virus of the Orthobunyavirus genus), and Phenuiviridae (Rift Valley fever and other phleboviruses of the Phlebovirus genus). Some of the Bunyavirales order representatives infect plants, such as the members of the Fimoviridae and Tospoviridae families.
Modeling tick vaccines: a key tool to improve protection efficacy
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
José de la Fuente, Agustin Estrada-Peña, Marinela Contreras
In this section, we will use as a proof-of-concept the development of vaccination strategies for the control of a potentially lethal tick-borne zoonosis: the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) transmitted by ticks of the genus Hyalomma. The CCHF affects humans and is caused by the Orthonairovirus CCHF virus (CCHFv) transmitted mainly by tick bites but also by sprays from infected animals (i.e. at abattoirs) [19–21]. The virus has the widest known worldwide distribution of any tick-transmitted virus [45]. Additionally, laboratory studies demonstrated that other tick species of the genera Rhipicephalus and Dermacentor could also be involved in the natural cycle of the virus [45]. The CCHFv is a paradigm in vaccinology due to ongoing efforts to develop vaccines applied to vertebrate animal hosts (and not to humans) and because the challenge that poses to effective vaccination schemes the dual life cycle of the tick vectors (immatures feeding on small animals and adults on ungulates). Additionally, discussions exist about the suitability to include in the same scheme a combination of anti-viral and anti-tick vaccines.
Post-exposure prophylactic vaccine candidates for the treatment of human Risk Group 4 pathogen infections
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
James Logue, Ian Crozier, Peter B Jahrling, Jens H Kuhn
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV; Nairoviridae: Orthonairovirus) is endemic to countries in Africa, Asia, and Europe [98,111]. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) generally causes headache, fever, joint pain, and other nonspecific symptoms and signs, but in severe cases, CCHF can progress to life-threatening hemorrhagic manifestations, multi-organ dysfunction, and death [112–114]. Cases of viral infection correlate with the presence of Hyalomma ticks, the predominant CCHFV vector that spreads the virus among CCHFV host reservoirs (hares, hedgehogs, susliks, cattle, goats, ostriches, and sheep) [115]. As with previously described viruses in this section, the knowledge of viral vectors and natural host reservoirs makes a PEP vaccine strategy attractive to counter CCHF. Further research on candidate PEP vaccines, such as an orthopoxvirus-vectored CCHFV vaccine [116], is needed to assess vaccine efficacy postexposure and establish an effective PEP vaccine treatment following tick exposure.
Diagnostic approaches for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2019
According to the latest taxonomy, CCHFV belongs to the genus Orthonairovirus in the Nairoviridae family (order Bunyavirales) [1]. It is an enveloped RNA virus with a genome consisting of the small (S), medium (M), and large (L) segments encoding the nucleoprotein (N), the glycoprotein precursor (which gives rise to the two glycoproteins Gn and Gc), and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, respectively. CCHFV is characterized by high genetic diversity. Based on S RNA segment sequences, CCHFV strains are grouped into seven genetic lineages (three from Africa, two from Asia, and two from Europe) (Figure 1).