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Factors Affecting the Microflora of the Lower Genital Tract of Healthy Women
Published in Michael J. Hill, Philip D. Marsh, Human Microbial Ecology, 2020
Mycoplasma hominis has been isolated from women with no genital disease and is therefore considered part of the endogenous microflora. In unselected populations the prevalence has varied between 17.6 and 53.6%.51,52 Colonization with mycoplasmas appears to be highest in young sexually experienced women and increases with the number of sexual partners.53M. hominis has been associated with vaginosis,54,55 but there is no evidence of an etiological role in this condition and the presence of the organism probably reflects the sexual activity of these patients.
Sexually Transmitted Infection and Male Infertility
Published in Botros Rizk, Ashok Agarwal, Edmund S. Sabanegh, Male Infertility in Reproductive Medicine, 2019
Kareim Khalafalla, Haitham Elbardisi, Mohamed Arafa
Mycoplasma hominis (MH) and mycoplasma genitalium (MG) colonizes the male and female genital tract. It is usually asymptomatic, but it may lead to urethritis [5]. The prevalence of mycoplasma differs according to the detection method. Mycoplasma was detected in the urine samples of 41% of patients with recurrent urethritis [48]; however, when detecting the organism in semen, MH and MG were found in 9.6% and 4.8%, respectively, of infertile men with a higher prevalence in azoospermic men [49].
Erythromycin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Mycoplasma hominis has been implicated in pelvic inflammatory disease, postabortal fever, and postpartum fever. However, pelvic inflammatory diseases caused by this species do not respond to erythromycin, but the tetracyclines are effective (see Chapter 67, Tetracycline, and Chapter 68, Doxycycline) (Plummer et al., 1987).
Derangements of vaginal and cervical canal microbiota determined with real-time PCR in women with recurrent miscarriages
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Canan Soyer Caliskan, Nazan Yurtcu, Samettin Celik, Ozlem Sezer, Suleyman Sirri Kilic, Ali Cetin
In this study, we analysed the composition of microbiota of the vagina and cervical canal of healthy women and women with RM. The real-time PCR test, including a panel of microorganisms related to vaginal infections, was used to determine its ability as a diagnostic test within the workup of women with RM. The study groups were found as comparable regarding their age; however, women with RM had higher gravidity and number of miscarriages, but lower parity and number of live births. Women with RM had a lower abundance of Lactobacillus spp. in the vagina and cervical canal compared with healthy women. This could be interpreted as related to the increased rate of AV or BV in women with RM. Analyses of data regarding facultative anaerobic microorganisms related to AV revealed that the abundance of members of Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus spp., but not Streptococcus spp., increased in women with RM. Analyses of data regarding obligate anaerobic microorganisms related to BV showed that the abundance of Gardnerella vaginalis/Prevotella bivia/Porphyromonas spp., Eubacterium spp., Megasphaera spp.–Veibnella spp.–Dialister spp., and Peptostreptococcus spp., but not of other studied microorganisms, increased in women with RM. Overall, the rates of colonisation and infection with Candida spp., Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma (urealyticum + parvum) in vaginal and cervical specimens were found to be similar in healthy women and women with RM.
We have the technology, but should we build the test?
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2018
One of the organisms in many BV diagnostic panels is Mycoplasma hominis. This organism illustrates yet another problem facing development of molecular diagnostics: reliance on data that only generates statistical associations. Early data in the literature regarding M. hominis, when culture was used for detection, describe an association between this organism and BV [5]. Studies showed an increased prevalence of M. hominis among women with BV compared to those without BV. However, despite the fact that this organism is not sensitive to treatment regimens used for G. vaginalis, such treatment actually decreased the likelihood of recovering M. hominis. Several theories offer explanations for this finding, but the consensus is that that M. hominis is likely a biomarker of infection rather than the cause, or that the role of M. hominis is wholly dependent on organism load [6]. Further, with access to molecular detection methods, we now know that as many as 10–15% of women harbor M. hominis in the absence of signs or symptoms of clinical disease [7,8]. However, this has not stopped manufacturers from developing assays that report on the presence/absence of M. hominis or clinicians from ordering such tests [9]. At this time we do not really understand the clinical utility of treating for this organism and in the era of antimicrobial stewardship, we should approach prescriptions of antimicrobials in situations such as this with caution. Given the high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in other mycoplasmas, treating M. hominis may be doing more harm than good.
Antibacterial activity of essential oils for combating colistin-resistant bacteria
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Abdullah M. Foda, Mohamed H. Kalaba, Gamal M. El-Sherbiny, Saad A. Moghannem, Esmail M. El-Fakharany
The results suggest that there is a difference between the tested essential oils in terms of their effect on colistin-resistant bacteria. Neem oil showed an inhibition zone ranging from 8 to 9 mm against P. mirabilis AB-11, E. coli AB-7, and E. coli AB-25 only. Cinnamon and thyme oils influenced all the tested bacterial isolates, but cinnamon oil presented a stronger effect than thyme oil, with inhibition zones ranging between 15 and 31 mm in the case of cinnamon oil and 12–14 mm in the case of thyme oil. Bergamot oil inhibited all tested bacterial isolates with inhibition zone diameters in the range of 8–12 mm except P. mirabilis AB-11 which was not affected by this oil. Eucalyptus oil inhibited all bacterial isolates with an inhibition zone ranging from 10 to 15 mm, additionally, anis oil affected all tested bacteria with inhibition zones ranging from 10 to 11 mm except E. coli AB-25. Peppermint oil exhibited an inhibitory effect on the tested bacterial isolates with inhibition zone diameter in a range of 10–13 mm, while garlic oil showed an inhibition zone of 9, 8, and 12 mm against E. coli AB-7, P. mirabilis AB-22, and E. coli AB-25, respectively. Gentamycin was used in this experiment as antibiotic control, and it was found to influence all colistin-resistant bacteria except P. mirabilis AB-20 as indicated in Figure 1(a) and Table 5. According to Ponce et al. [16], all tested bacteria were very or extremely sensitive to cinnamon oil (inhibition zone diameters ranged between 15 and 31 mm) so, it was selected for further studies. The finding of new antibacterial agents was mostly based on natural products derived from various sources, such as microbes, algae, plants, and animals; nevertheless, there has been a growing interest in bioactive metabolites derived from plants as an alternative to traditional antibiotics [34]. Essential oils (EOs) are a rich source of natural compounds that could be used to develop novel antibacterial medications [35]. Cinnamon oil is an essential oil that contains several antibacterial compounds [36]. Several studies have been conducted to demonstrate the antibacterial activity of cinnamon oil. For instance, El Atki et al. [37] examined cinnamon oil against bacterial strains (E. coli ATCC 25922, S. aureus ATCC 25923, and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853) and found that it inhibited all the tested bacteria. Additionally, cinnamon oil inhibited 48 clinical isolates and 12 reference strains of Gram-negative bacilli, according to Becerril et al. [38]. Cinnamon bark essential oil was also tested for antibacterial activity against 50 clinical strains of Mycoplasma hominis, which causes bacterial vaginosis, pelvic inflammation, and pyelonephritis in women. The essential oil, which included cinnamaldehyde (97% w/w), exhibited antibacterial and bactericidal actions [39].