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Structural Profiling of Bioactive Compounds with Medicinal Potential from Traditional Indian Medicinal Plants
Published in Jayanta Kumar Patra, Gitishree Das, Sanjeet Kumar, Hrudayanath Thatoi, Ethnopharmacology and Biodiversity of Medicinal Plants, 2019
C. Sareena, A. Anju Suresh, Swetha Sunil, T. V. Suchithra
Certain studies on effective killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis reveals that scopoletin (Duggirala et al., 2014) and totarol (Jaiswal et al., 2007) can inhibit the cell division by binding on FtZ protein while piperine (Sharma et al., 2010) can effect an efflux pump protein, called Rv1258c. The target of citronellal in Mycobacterium smegmatis was also studied as well. It was found that citronellal can bind to aldehyde dehydrogenase and γ-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase and can affect putrescine catabolism and removal of aldehydes and alcohols in cells when cells are under stress. The mechanisms of action of quercetin in Pseudomonas putida have been studied very well. The reported targets are TArpR, DnaK, α-and β-subunits of F0 F1 ATP synthase, FabZ, glutathione peroxidase, DNA gyrase A and UxpA lipoprotein. Some phytocompounds are less studied and reported with single target against single pathogen. For instance, Carvacrol can effect the folding of bacterial nucleic acids and found effective against Lactobacillus helveticus (Stitch 4.0.). Antibacterial activity of Tannin has also been observed effective against the same genus, but in different species, L. plantarum (Stitch 4.0.) and its target molecule found to be TanC α, β fold family hydrolase. Even though some targets were identified by in-silico studies, the most of such findings are not validated by wet lab experiments.
Prospective Therapeutic Applications of Bacteriocins as Anticancer Agents
Published in Ananda M. Chakrabarty, Arsénio M. Fialho, Microbial Infections and Cancer Therapy, 2019
Lígia F. Coelho, Nuno Bernardes, Arsénio M. Fialho
Proteins with anticancer potential, such as smegmatocin and azurin, are also considered bacteriocins [73]. From Mycobacterium smegmatis, smegmatocin is not secreted by the bacteria in the culture supernatant. Therefore, to purify smegmatocin, the cells are ultrasonicated to release the bacteriocin in the culture supernatant, just like Pseudomonas aeruginosa’s azurin. Both these proteins are proven to have anticancer activity against solid tumors [52, 74].
Miscellaneous conditions affecting the genitalia
Published in Shiv Shanker Pareek, The Pictorial Atlas of Common Genito-Urinary Medicine, 2018
The acid-fast, gram-positive, bacterium Mycobacterium smegmatis has been found in smegma. This bacterium was first described in 1884 by Lustgarten, and given its present taxonomic name in 1899 by Lehmann and Neumann. M. smegmatis is non-pathogenic and related to other members of the Mycobacterium genus which cause leprosy and tuberculosis. Given that M. smegmatis degrades organic matter (it is also found in soil and water), it seems likely that this species survives on dead epithelial cells in smegma, rather than being responsible for producing it. The bacteria may, however, contribute to the strong odour when present.
New advances in the treatments of drug-resistant tuberculosis
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2023
Because bacteriophages can’t spread through membranes, they must be delivered to intracellular pathogens using different methods. M. smegmatis is used as a delivery mechanism to treat mycobacterial infections. Its host capacity can support the rapid spread of bacteriophages, M. smegmatis promotes bacteriophage activity in mononuclear cells such as macrophages and monocytes [34]. A mixture of strictly lytic phages that can be grown in Mycobacterium smegmatis and are effective against all strains of M.tuberculosis [35]. Additional drivers include the development of phage formulations for encapsulation in microparticles, liposomes and nanoparticles for efficient delivery. Encapsulation of phages may enhance phage circulation for systemic infections, prophylactic, and intracellular infections [36]. For lung delivery and targeting of mycobacteria, researchers have created gigantic liposomes. A previous study showed in vitro that liposomes loaded with phages are able to enter cells more efficiently than free phages Table 6 [37].
Usnic acid and its derivatives for pharmaceutical use: a patent review (2000–2017)
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2018
Olga A. Luzina, Nariman F. Salakhutdinov
Becker et al. [85] patented the high antimycobacterial activity of UA enamino derivatives with quaternary nitrogen salt. Mycobacterium smegmatis strain ATCC-607 (model test system used in the first stage of screening for potential antituberculosis drugs) is sensitive to 5.8 μg/disk of substance 2a, to 6.0 μg/disk of 2b, to 5.7 μg/disk of 2c (Figure 3). The synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of aminothiazoles 4a and 4b (Figure 3) against M. tuberculosis were filed by Becker et al. [86]. The derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of the bromo derivative of UA with thiourea. Among the two enantiomer сompounds, 4a is more active both in the Mycobacterium smegmatis test system ATCC-607 and in the M. tuberculosis medium. The M. smegmatis strain ATCC-607 is sensitive to 7.5 nmol/disk of substance 4a and 10 nmol/disk of 4b. The MBC of compound 4a was less than 25 μg/ml when incubated for 20 and 40 days with M. tuberculosis.
Magnesium and calcium ions: roles in bacterial cell attachment and biofilm structure maturation
Published in Biofouling, 2019
Tianyang Wang, Steve Flint, Jon Palmer
Magnesium and calcium can also shape biofilm structure in urinary catheters by forming a crystalline insoluble deposit. The formation of the crystalline biofilm in indwelling urinary catheters is closely associated with the Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the urine. Urease producing bacteria, such as Proteus mirabilis, are able to elevate the pH of the urine by enzymatic hydrolysis of the urea, which induces formation of struvite (ammonium magnesium phosphate hexahydrate) and the poorly crystalline form of calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite (Morris et al. 1999). Aggregates of this deposit accumulate in the biofilm that develops on the catheter surface (Stickler 2008). Aggregates of microcrystals were also found to facilitate biofilm formation by forming a crystalline foundation layer on the catheter surface in early stages of biofilm formation where bacterial colonization takes place (Stickler and Feneley 2010). Extracellular polysaccharide from the capsule of P. mirabilis was found to bind magnesium and accelerate struvite formation (Morris et al. 1999). A similar biological process is found in biomineralization of B. subtilis biofilm, where calcium carbonate formation is biologically induced and controlled in biofilms (Reddy 2013; Keren-Paz et al. 2018). When B. subtilis colony biofilm was grown on calcium supplemented medium agar, the calcium carbonate layer spread and covered more colony area as the colony aged and the layer limited the diffusion of fluorescein (Keren-Paz et al. 2018). Similar observations were also found for Mycobacterium smegmatis (Keren-Paz et al. 2018). Hence, the mineral scaffolds lead to a complex biofilm morphology.