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Animal Tuberculosis
Published in Lloyd N. Friedman, Martin Dedicoat, Peter D. O. Davies, Clinical Tuberculosis, 2020
Non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections are present worldwide and are found in many different environmental niches. They are harmless to most individuals and rarely cause human disease. Species of NTM associated with human disease include M. avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium chelonae, Mycobacterium szulgai, M. paratuberculosis, and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum. The majority of NTM infections have been reported in countries in which tuberculosis is not endemic, as the chances of missing NTM infection are higher in countries where tuberculosis is already present. Currently, the individual mycobacteria causing mycobacterial infection are not routinely characterized worldwide. Therefore, some NTM cases in humans with positive Ziehl−Neelsen (ZN) stains will be misclassified as MTB.59 This may result in a patient receiving routine treatment for M. tuberculosis for which the NTM strain may be resistant. Additionally, occasional mixed strain infections of NTM and MTB infections have been reported.60,61
Abscess neck
Published in Alisa McQueen, S. Margaret Paik, Pediatric Emergency Medicine: Illustrated Clinical Cases, 2018
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) account for 70%–95% of mycobacterial lymphadenitis in the United States, with Mycobacterium avium complex and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum causing the majority of cases (Gosche and Vick, 2006). Children less than 5 years old are most commonly affected. Gradual increase of the unilateral cervical node(s) is seen over the course of 2 to 3 weeks. Frequently, the skin overlying the infection becomes violaceous and thin. Fistulae may also form. For NTM infection, surgical excision is curative. However, if complete lymph node removal is not possible, then a multi-drug regimen may be required and drug choice should be based on culture (in acid-fast bacilli medium) and susceptibility results.
Cervicofacial Infections
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Christopher P Aldren, Doris-Eva Bamiou, Raymond W Clarke, Richard M Irving, Haytham Kubba, Shakeel R Saeed, Paediatrics, The Ear, Skull Base, 2018
Two groups of mycobacterial infections involve the neck in children. The distinction is important and can be challenging. First there are infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). Second are a group of infections caused by other mycobacteria. Commonly referred to as atypical mycobacteria or environmental mycobacteria, these are most accurately termed non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) or mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT). They include Mycobacterium avium intracellulare, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium haemophilum.33 They particularly affect children between the ages of 18 months and 3 years, presumably because younger children are less commonly exposed to the pathogens and because older children have developed immunity.
The role of amikacin in the treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial disease
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2021
Jelmer Raaijmakers, Jodie Anne Schildkraut, Wouter Hoefsloot, Jakko van Ingen
We performed a literature search using the PubMed interface of the NCBI database. The search was first performed in November 2020 and repeated in April 2021. We used the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms ‘Nontuberculous Mycobacteria,’ ‘mycobacterium infections’ and ‘Amikacin’ and added the following title/abstract terms: ‘Nontuberculous mycobacterium’ OR ‘Nontuberculous mycobacteria’ OR ‘NTM’ OR ‘mycobacterium avium’ OR ‘mycobacterium haemophilum’ ‘mycobacterium phlei’ OR ‘mycobacterium abscessus’ OR ‘mycobacterium chelonae’ OR ‘mycobacterium fortuitum’ OR ‘mycobacterium kansasii’ OR ‘mycobacterium marinum’ OR ‘mycobacterium scrofulaceum’ OR ‘mycobacterium smegmatis’ OR ‘mycobacterium xenopi’ OR ‘Amikacin’ to the search to accommodate for all articles regarding NTM infections combined with amikacin. The search excluded ‘review’ and ‘case report’ papers. We restricted our search to English-language papers; no time restriction was added to the search strategy.
Mycobacterium scrofulaceum disease: experience from a tertiary medical centre and review of the literature
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2019
John W. Wilson, Anil C. Jagtiani, Nancy L. Wengenack
We reviewed the published literature through PubMed using the term ‘Mycobacterium scrofulaceum’ in human cases published in English without a restricted time period. A total of 343 publications were identified, and 51 were either short case reviews or individual case reports. We prioritized published case series for our review and included case reports that clearly identified M. scrofulaceum infection (e.g. monomicrobial infection, positive culture from a sterile body site, respiratory infections without an alternative pathogen).