China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Acute Infections of the Larynx
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Sanjai Sood, Karan Kapoor, Richard Oakley
The role of antibiotics in cases of acute laryngitis should be reserved for cases where there is clinical suspicion of bacterial infection. Typically, these patients may have persistent and more severe laryngitis or other associated infections of the upper or lower respiratory tract. In general, antibiotics have little role in the treatment of the majority of cases of acute laryngitis,2, 3 although there is some evidence that erythromycin may reduce voice disturbance in the first week and therefore may be considered in patients who are professional voice users.4 The choice of antibiotic depends on any associated infections but penicillin has been reported as being ineffective5 and macrolides (e.g. erythromycin or clarithromycin) have been shown to be effective, which may be a reflection of infection with Moraxellacatarrhalis.6
Microorganisms
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Louise Jayne Clark, Adam J Donne, R James A England, Hisham M Mehanna, Gerald William McGarry, Sean Carrie, Basic Sciences Endocrine Surgery Rhinology, 2018
Ursula Altmeyer, Penelope Redding, Nitish Khanna
Moraxella catarrhalis is a Gram negative cocco-bacillus which is very similar to Haemophilus in that it forms part of the normal flora of the respiratory tract, but can play a role in otitis, sinusitis and infections of the lower respiratory tract, such as bronchitis and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
An Overview of Microbes Pathogenic for Humans
Published in Nancy Khardori, Bench to Bedside, 2018
Eric Lehrer, James Radike, Nancy Khardori
Moraxella catarrhalis is an aerobic gram-negative diplococcus that is commonly seen as a colonizer of the upper respiratory tracts of children. As a result, most children will have an upper respiratory infection with M. catarrhalis as the causative pathogen sometime during their childhood (Vaneechoutte et al. 1990). Adults are far less commonly colonized by this pathogen; however, M. catarrhalis is a commonly identified organism in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Diagnostic performance of an in-house multiplex PCR assay and the retrospective surveillance of bacterial respiratory pathogens at a teaching hospital, Kelantan, Malaysia
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2023
Nik Mohd Noor Nik Zuraina, Suharni Mohamad, Habsah Hasan, Mohammed Dauda Goni, Siti Suraiya
Of the 200 sputum specimens, a total of 226 records were obtained from the sputum culture, comprising 114 identified microorganisms at the genus or species level, 73 normal upper respiratory tract microflora (NURTF), 3 records of no growth after 48 hours of incubation, 23 records of unsuitable specimens for sputum culture (rejected specimens) and 13 records of mixed growth organisms. Eighty-nine specimens (44.5%) were found positive with at least one type of organisms by sputum culture. The gold standard methods had identified five out of the six targeted panel bacteria, giving a total of 78 positive tests for H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and S. pneumoniae. None of the specimens was positive for M. tuberculosis by the gold standard methods. Despite the targeted bacteria, other organisms; Enterobacter species (spp.), Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Aeromonas hydrophila, Acinetobacter spp., Proteus mirabilis, Pantoea spp., Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus group A and group G, Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis were concomitantly isolated from the clinical specimens.
The therapeutic implications of activated immune responses via the enigmatic immunoglobulin D
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2022
Circulating sIgD exists as a monomer glycoprotein antibody at minute concentrations in the serum of healthy individuals, making up just under 0.25% of the total serum Ig [71]. Just like other secreted antibody classes, sIgD monomer glycoprotein also contains glycosylated motifs within its Fc, Fd and hinge regions that play a critical role in the correct folding assembly and secretion of sIgD [71,72]. Despite the minute serum concentration, sIgD can be detected in mucosal tissues of upper respiratory tracks such as the tonsils, lacrimal and salivary glands, and in nasal mucosal secretions [2–4,16]. The detection of sIgD in mucosal tissues is coincided with the presence of IgD+-only B cells and plasmablasts, suggesting local responses and productions rather than diffusions of circulating sIgD [73,74]. This presence of sIgD and sIgD-secreting B cells in the nasal airway mucosa thus suggests a potential role of sIgD in mucosal immunity against pathogens encountered in respiratory track [16]. Indeed, respiratory pathogen Moraxella catarrhalis can bind strongly to mIgD and vigorously activate polyclonal B-cell proliferation and productions of IgM, IgG and IgA by human tonsil B cells in the presence of Th2 cytokines (IL4, IL10) [75,76]. Furthermore, nasal secretions and serum levels of sIgD are often elevated in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases [77].
Is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease a risk factor for death in patients with community acquired pneumonia?
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2019
Barbara Bonnesen, Gertrud Baunbæk Egelund, Andreas Vestergaard Jensen, Stine Andersen, Pelle Trier Petersen, Gernot Rohde, Pernille Ravn
A pathogen was detected in 19.3% (47/243) of patients with COPD and in 18.6% (198/1066) of patients without COPD. Patients with COPD were more likely to have Moraxella catarrhalis (5.3% versus 0.9% p < .0001) and Pseudomonas auroginosa (2.5% versus 0.6%, p = .005). Haemophilus influenzae was found in 6.1% (15/243) of patients with CAP and COPD and in 4.8% (51/1066) of patients with CAP only (p = .46). Streptococcus pneumonia was found in 3.1% (8/243) of patients with COPD and in 5.3% (56/1066) of patients without COPD (p = .20). The initial antibiotic treatment for CAP varied in relation to diagnosis of COPD. Patients with COPD were more frequently treated with extended spectrum beta-lactams and less frequently with penicillin G/V monotherapy (Table 3).