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Wearable Sensors for Blood Perfusion Monitoring in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
Published in Andrey V. Dunaev, Valery V. Tuchin, Biomedical Photonics for Diabetes Research, 2023
Evgenii A. Zherebtsov, Elena V. Zharkikh, Yulia I. Loktionova, Angelina I. Zherebtsova, Viktor V. Sidorov, Alexander I. Krupatkin, Andrey V. Dunaev
The microcirculation abnormalities, induced by incorrect functioning of MTSs, are the major cause of such serious diabetic complications, such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and polyneuropathy. From a morphological viewpoint, microvascular disease or dysfunction precedes the development of microangiopathy. There is also an opinion that the evolution of cardiovascular disorders is a risk factor for the progression of microangiopathy.
Research Models of Diabetes Mellitus
Published in Grant N. Pierce, Robert E. Beamish, Naranjan S. Dhalla, Heart Dysfunction in Diabetes, 2019
Grant N. Pierce, Robert E. Beamish, Naranjan S. Dhalla
The diabetic mouse is obese, hyperglycemic, hyperinsulinemic, and hyperphagic.13 By 10 days of age, plasma insulin levels are abnormally high and remain elevated for about 3 months.13 After that time, insulin levels gradually decline to normal until by death at 10 months the animal is hypoinsulinemic and exhibits weight loss.1,13 Growth hormone, prolactin, and somatostatin levels are decreased in the plasma whereas glucagon levels are increased in the db mouse.13,27 Pancreatic insulin content is depressed34 at about 5 months of age. Neuropathy, nephropathy, and microangiopathy are among the complications.14,15 Diabetes is progressive in severity in this animal until it dies at about 10 months of age. Animals that are homozygous for the mutated gene are infertile.13 Therefore, the disease is maintained by propagation through heterozygous carriers. Thymic abnormalities in these animals may indicate immune system deficiencies.35
Diabetes and the Microcirculation
Published in John H. Barker, Gary L. Anderson, Michael D. Menger, Clinically Applied Microcirculation Research, 2019
Damage to the microcirculation plays a central role in the development of the long-term complications of diabetes, leading to a specific microangiopathy characterized by basement membrane thickening in capillaries, arterioles, and venules. Although classically affecting the retina and kidney, the histological features of microangiopathy are apparent in a wide variety of other microvascular beds including skin, adipose tissue, and skeletal and cardiac muscle. In addition, it is increasingly recognized that microvascular abnormalities are involved in the development of neuropathy and diabetic foot ulceration. Microvascular disease is responsible for a substantial amount of morbidity in the non-elderly in Western countries, with diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy being the most common causes of blindness and renal failure, respectively. Foot ulceration is also a major problem, accounting for a large proportion of diabetes-related hospital admissions and bed occupancy. This chapter will outline the pathogenesis of these microvascular complications, their clinical manifestations in different tissues, and the potential treatment options available to minimize the impact of microvascular disease.
Effect of S-allylcysteine against diabetic nephropathy via inhibition of MEK1/2-ERK1/2-RSK2 signalling pathway in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
V. V. Sathibabu Uddandrao, Brahmanaidu Parim, Ravindarnaik Ramavat, Suresh Pothani, S. Vadivukkarasi, Ponmurugan P, Chandrasekaran P, Saravanan Ganapathy
At the same time, in diabetic patients are with manifest microangiopathy is one of the significant clinical features due to consequence of underlying vessel wall injury that might causes alterations in hemorhelogy (Soma and Pretorius 2015). When hyperglycaemia left untreated that might leads to nonenzymatic glycosylation of body proteins. Some bio molecules such as RBC and Hb are adopted by glycation and these processes directs to structural alterations in these molecules and lead to protein malfunction, and perchance contribute to the long-term complications of DM. In general, lipid peroxidation and membrane proteins glycosylation might be leads to anaemia and haemolysis (Tahmasebpour et al. 2013). In DN control rats, we found significant reduction in the WBC count and its differentials such as basophils, monocytes, eosinophils, lymphocytes and neutrophils. The reduction of these parameters could be associated to the suppression of leucocytosis from the bone marrow which may account for pitiable defensive mechanisms against infection (Oyedemi et al. 2010). Inevitably, they might have effects on the phagocytic activity and immune system of the animals (Torel et al. 1986). On the whole, results from this study revealed that SAC has noteworthy ameliorative effect on STZ-NAD-induced anaemia. This may be of gigantic benefits in the management of T2DM and its associated haematological complications (Muhammad et al. 2012).
Recent advances in porcine cardiac xenotransplantation: from aortic valve replacement to heart transplantation
Published in Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 2022
Sam Kavarana, Jennie H Kwon, Kasparas Zilinskas, Lillian Kang, Joseph W Turek, Muhammad M Mohiuddin, T Konrad Rajab
Recent experiments by Iwase et al. in 2015 have shown that it is possible to express human TBM (hTBM) in donor pigs. This provides a method of preventing microangiopathy-based rejection [50]. However, it was unknown if using hTBM actually led to additional graft survival as compared to 2C10R4 costimulation blockade alone, as part of coagulation dysregulation is caused by complement activation and preexisting antibodies [50]. A group found that even with high expression of 2C10R4, a lack of hTBM led to significantly reduced cardiac xenograft survival [50]. However, use of GTKO.hCD46.hTBM pigs combined with intensively dosed 2C10R4 anti-CD40 antibody led to the longest heterotopic xenograft survival ever seen in 2016 (median = 298 days, longest = 945 days) [47]. The overall results further strengthened the notion that rejection can arise from many different causes, and it is necessary to systematically address each problem one at a time.
COVID-19 and the Ocular Surface: A Review of Transmission and Manifestations
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2020
Dawn Ho, Rebecca Low, Louis Tong, Vishali Gupta, Aravamudan Veeraraghavan, Rupesh Agrawal
To date, there is a scarcity of data about the intraocular manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 or CoVs in humans, although observational and experimental studies in animals have shown the involvement of the posterior segment. A recent study published in Lancet by Marinho et al. illustrated the presence of hyperreflective lesions at ganglion cell layer and also at inner plexiform layers (near papillomacular bundle) in all 12 patients in the case series from Brazil. In addition, some of the patients had features suggestive of retinal microangiopathy.37 Apart from conjunctivitis, feline coronaviruses were noted to cause granulomatous anterior uveitis, choroiditis with retinal detachment, and retinal vasculitis.12 Murine coronaviruses have been studied to induce retinitis, retinal degeneration, and optic neuritis.12 As the literature on human ocular CoV infection is still lacking, an understanding of the ocular manifestations of animal CoV infections may open insights into the spectrum of ocular diseases that CoVs can cause.