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Identification of clinical specimens isolated from neonates
Published in Elida Zairina, Junaidi Khotib, Chrismawan Ardianto, Syed Azhar Syed Sulaiman, Charles D. Sands, Timothy E. Welty, Unity in Diversity and the Standardisation of Clinical Pharmacy Services, 2017
M. Djunaedi, S.A.S. Sulaiman, A. Sarriff, N.B.A. Aziz, Habsah
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) was found in the clinical isolates in 2003 and 2004 at 80.9% and 78%, respectively. Vancomycin-resistant CoNS (VRSE) was present in 1.5% of total coagulase-negative staphylococcus isolated only in 2003 (Figure 3).
Ciprofloxacin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Jason Kwong, M. Lindsay Grayson
Over the past couple of decades, however, there has been an increase in ciprofloxacin resistance among staphylococci, particularly methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE) (Thauvin-Eliopoulos and Eliopoulos, 2003; Cuevas et al., 2004; Tillotson et al., 2008; see section 2b, Emerging resistance and cross-resistance). Numerous studies have now reported increases in ciprofloxacin MIC90 values for MRSA and coagulase-negative staphyloccal strains, compared with methicillin-susceptible strains (Dowzicky et al., 1998; Bassetti et al., 2002; Bogdanovich et al., 2005; Gesu et al., 2003; Jacobs et al., 2004; May et al., 2014; Otani et al., 2003; Tanaka et al., 2002; Weller et al., 2002; Wickman et al., 2006; Woodcock et al., 1997).
Terpenes: A Source of Novel Antimicrobials, Applications and Recent Advances
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Nawal M. Al Musayeib, Amina Musarat, Farah Maqsood
Diterpenes also serve as a potential antibiotic enhancer against MRSA and are widely used in combination therapy with several antibiotics. For instance, a clerodane diterpenoid 16-α-hydroxycleroda-3, 13 (14)-Z-dien-15, 16-olide (CD) isolated from Polyathia longifolia leaves reported to enhanced the efficacy of tetracycline, linezolid, oxacillin and daptomycin against clinical MRSA. The MICs of all the antibiotic was dropped significantly between 4–16, 2–4, 10–80 and 2–8-folds respectively when mixed with CD (Gupta et al. 2016). Gupta et al. (2016) further suggested the in vivo mechanism of action of CD by reversing the resistance of clinical MRSA isolates. Similar clinical isolates of MRSA were investigated against CD combined with ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and norfloxacin. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that cells treated with CD alone and in combination with antibiotics showed significant modulation in expression of genes for efflux pumps. The results of time-kill assay clearly showed that the MIC of CD in combination with norfloxacin was half as compared to MIC of individual CD and norfloxacin, undoubtedly reducing the bacterial cell viability (Gupta et al. 2016). Despite the promising potential of CD, limited sourcing of CD has become the bottleneck for further investigation (Zacchino et al. 2017). Two anti-biofilm diterpenoids, salvipisone and aethiopinone extracted from Salvia sclarea roots expressed antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects against E. faecalis, S. epidermidis and S. aureus (Walencka et al. 2007). Both the diterpenes were screened for synergistic effect when combined with antibiotics such as oxacillin, linezolid and vancomycin, against clinical isolates of MRSA and Methicillin Resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE). It was noticed that they displayed either bactericidal or bacteriostatic effects against planktonic cultures of investigated MRSA and MRSE. MIC was attained with 50% decrease in the dose of antimicrobial drug when combined with diterpenoids (Feio et al. 1999). Another diterpenoid compound with promising antibacterial effect against S. aureus is dehydroabietic acid, which is an abietane diterpenoid containing abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted with a carboxyl group at position 18. It plays a role as a metabolite as well as an allergen (Tapia et al. 1997). Various derivatives of dehydroabietic acid also have shown antibacterial activities (Savluchinske-Feio et al. 2006).
Hand carriage, antimicrobial resistance and molecular characterisation of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from gynaecological surgical staff
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
pvl is an exotoxin that targets cells of the immune system (Maria et al.2007), and the carriage of the pvl gene increases the pathogenicity of staphylococcal isolates (Lina et al.1999). In this study, pvl gene was determined in 21% of CoNS, including S. epidermidis (n = 6, 27%), S. haemolyticus (n = 3, 60%), S. hominis (n = 3, 25%), S. warneri (n = 3, 75%) and S. pasteuri (n = 2, 33%). The carriage of the pvl gene in CoNS recovered from the surgical staff was a worrisome finding.icaR gene was determined in 12 out of 35 (34%) S. epidermidis, 10 of which were (45%) mecA-positive S. epidermidis (Tables 1 and 3). Biofilm confers the pathogenicity of catheter-related infections caused by S. epidermidis, which is mediated by the ica gene (Cafiso et al.2004). Invasive S. epidermidis is more likely to harbour both mecA and ica genes in comparison with contaminated S. epidermidis (O’Gara and Humphreys 2001). Therefore, gynaecological surgical staff that were colonised by invasive S. epidermidis may increase the risk of neonatal infection. In this study, ten (45%) mecA-positive S. epidermidis were determined to be ica positive, and the increased pathogenicity may be anticipated in MRSE that were isolated from gynaecological surgical staff.
Antimicrobial resistance of ocular microbes and the role of antimicrobial peptides
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2021
Shyam Sunder Tummanapalli, Mark DP Willcox
Antibiotic resistance in ocular microbes was first reported in the 1950s when strains of staphylococci were found to be resistant to penicillin.98,99 In 1959, methicillin, a beta‐lactam antibiotic, was introduced to treat penicillin‐resistant staphylococci.100 However, the emergence of multidrug‐resistant forms of MRSA101 and methicillin‐resistant CoNS (MRSE)101–103 has led to severe forms of ocular infections.101–105 Early (1975–2000) and recent (2002–2017) studies have shown that ocular infections with MRSA and MRSE do respond to topical and intravitreal vancomycin.101–108 Although there have been reports of the emergence of resistance to vancomycin in strains isolated from endophthalmitis.109–111P. aeruginosa is the leading cause of ocular infections during contact lens wear,112,113 and can be isolated from contact lenses.39,113–115P. aeruginosa isolates resistant to the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin were isolated from scleral buckle infection in 1998,116 and this was followed by resistant isolates from corneal infection in 1999.117 A previous review article reported there are increasing rates of resistance to fluoroquinolones and beta‐lactams in ocular isolates of both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus.118
Pediatric versus Adult Corneal Collagen Crosslinking: Long-term Visual, Refractive, Tomographic and Aberrometric Outcomes
Published in Current Eye Research, 2021
Ömür Ö. Uçakhan, Tuna Celik Buyuktepe, Zeynep Yavuz, Penny A. Asbell
The preoperative and postoperative refractive and keratometric measurements are summarized in Table 2. Compared to baseline, MRSE continued to improve in both groups from postoperative year-1 to year-3. MRSE improved statistically significantly at postoperative year-2 and year-3 in the pediatric and postoperative year-3 in the adult age group. There were no significant between-group differences in regards to improvement of MRSE (p = .277). Compared to baseline, manifest refraction (MR) sphere was improved statistically significantly at postoperative year-2 and year-3 in both age groups. At the end of month-36, there were no significant differences between the pediatric and adult age groups in terms of improvements in MR sphere or MR cylinder (p = .467, p = .265).