China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Neuroinfectious Diseases
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Jeremy D. Young, Jesica A. Herrick, Scott Borgetti
Rabies virus is a neurotropic pathogen in the family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus, with lyssa being Greek for “madness.” It is an enveloped, bullet-shaped virion with a single negative-stranded RNA genome.
Rabies and other lyssaviruses
Published in Avindra Nath, Joseph R. Berger, Clinical Neurovirology, 2020
Thiravat Hemachudha, Jiraporn Laothamatas, Henry Wilde
Rabies virus belongs to the Lyssavirus genus of the Rhabdoviridae family. Lyssaviruses (bullet-shaped particle, 100–300 nm long and 75 nm in diameter) have a 12-kb nonsegmented RNA genome of negative polarity encoding five proteins (3′ to 5′): Nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), glycoprotein (G), and RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase (or large protein L). Lyssavirus is composed of two structural and functional components: A helical ribonucleoprotein core (RNP) and a surrounding envelope. In the RNP, the genome RNA is tightly encased by the N protein. Two other viral proteins, P and L, are associated with the RNP. Transcription and replication of the virus are ensured by the RNP complexes of these N, P, and L proteins. The lipid envelope is derived from the host cytoplasmic membrane during budding. The knobbed glycoprotein forms approximately 400 trimeric spikes (5–10 nm long and about 3 nm in diameter) has three glycosylated ectodomains, tightly arranged on the surface and binds the virions to host cell receptors. The M protein forms oligomers associated with both the envelope and the RNP, providing rigidity to the virion structure and maybe the central protein of rhabdoviral assembly [5].
Rabies
Published in Meera Chand, John Holton, Case Studies in Infection Control, 2018
Martine Usdin, Hilary Kirkbride, Kevin E Brown
Related lyssaviruses have been found in other species including bats, and, if humans are infected, can lead to human rabies. Lyssaviruses are found in bats in most countries, including Europe and the UK. In 2002, a Scottish bat handler developed rabies and died as a result of the European bat lyssavirus-2 (EBLV-2) contracted during routine work with bats. In the UK, EBLV-2 is found in Daubenton’s bats and infects about 2% of the Daubenton bat population in the UK.
Post-exposure prophylactic vaccine candidates for the treatment of human Risk Group 4 pathogen infections
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
James Logue, Ian Crozier, Peter B Jahrling, Jens H Kuhn
Though PEP vaccines have been licensed sparingly by the FDA, the use of PEP vaccines can be very effective especially when routes of pathogen exposure are well documented, such as exposure due to contact with animals known to carry a particular pathogen. Perhaps the most well-known PEP vaccine strategy is deployed after known or potential rabies virus (RABV, Rhabdoviridae: Lyssavirus) exposure. RABV passes from infected mammals to humans when animal saliva is introduced through bites or scratches, particularly from dogs and bats [9]. If left untreated, the virus causes rabies, a debilitating encephalitis leading to 40,000–70,000 deaths annually [10,11]. Rabies prevention methods that included the large-scale vaccination of dogs to prevent RABV transmission to humans in the 1950s were effective in curtailing this disease, at least in the western hemisphere [12]. However, extensive postexposure studies in animals throughout the 1990s [13–17] prompted the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to include the recommendation of a PEP vaccination in combination with passive antibody treatment in the event of potential RABV exposure [18]. Since the incorporation of vaccine plus antibody PEP into the treatment regimen and the large-scale vaccination of dogs, rabies cases have dramatically decreased in developed countries; only 33 rabies cases were diagnosed in the US from 2003 to 2014 [19].
Current status of human rabies prevention: remaining barriers to global biologics accessibility and disease elimination
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2019
Charles E. Rupprecht, Naseem Salahuddin
As a basic operational definition, rabies is an acute, progressive encephalitis caused by a lyssavirus [1]. Lyssaviruses are bullet-shaped, genetically mono-phyletic, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses, taxonomically residing in the Order Mononegavirales, Family Rhabdoviridae [2]. With advances in pathogen detection methods, more than 17 lyssavirus species have been described since the 1950s [3–11]. Lyssaviruses are highly neurotropic, deposited into a wound from the saliva after an animal bite. Virions undergo retrograde transmission within the neuronal axoplasm, before replication in the CNS and subsequent passage to the salivary glands [12]. Rabies is distributed on all continents, except for Antarctica [13]. All warm-blooded vertebrates are susceptible, with significant representatives among mammalian carnivores and bats [14]. Rabies virus is the most important member of the Lyssavirus Genus. Although polyhostality is a significant feature in support of perpetuation, the domestic dog remains the major global reservoir and source of most human cases [15]. As with many neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), the actual burden of human fatalities is poorly known. This is due in part to inadequate reporting, with suggestions of tens of millions of human exposures, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths annually, typically with a substantial representation among a cohort less than 18 years of age, particularly among the Lesser Developed Countries (LDCs) in Africa and Asia [16].
Notifications of suspected rabies exposure increased in Finland: 26 years of one health surveillance, 1995–2020
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2023
Ruska Rimhanen-Finne, Jukka Ollgren, Tuija Gadd, Tiina Nokireki
Rabies is a fatal encephalitis caused by viruses of the Lyssavirus genus, typically the rabies virus, but other lyssaviruses can also cause clinical rabies [1]. Rabies is endemic in numerous countries around the world while almost all European Union member states, European Free Trade Association countries, the United Kingdom and the Balkan countries have eliminated rabies during the last years or decades.