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Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: Evidence-based approaches
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
James A. McGregor, Michael W. McCullough
In the healthy vagina, between 5 and 15 microbial species are usually recoverable. High concentrations (105–106/g of fluid) of lactic acid–producing acidophilic facultative lacto-bacilli are normally the predominant microflora found throughout the menstrual cycle (23,24). Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus jensenii, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Lactobacillus gasseri represent the predominant vaginal species (24). Many of these produce H2O2 along with lactic acid. Other bacteria account for the remaining 10% of bacteria recovered (23–25).
Host–Biofilm Interactions at Mucosal Surfaces and Implications in Human Health
Published in Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne, Microbial Biofilms, 2017
Nityasri Venkiteswaran, Kassapa Ellepola, Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne, Yuan Kun Lee, Kia Joo Puan, Siew Cheng Wong
Lactobacillus is the most common genus colonising the vagina of healthy women during their child-bearing age. The different species of lactobacilli seen are Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus jensenii and Lactobacillus iners. These originate primarily in the intestine and exhibit vaginotropism or pronounced affinity to attach to the vaginal mucosa. Other genera identified through DNA sequencing include Atopobium, Prevotella, and Propionibacterium [71,72]. Non-beneficial bacteria from genera such as Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Gardnerella and Enterococcus may also be present in low concentrations in a healthy vagina but in insufficient numbers to cause disease [73,74]. The potentially pathogenic organisms that inhabit the vaginal mucosa are Neisseria, certain species of streptococci such as S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, Haemophilus and Listeria [75]. Figure 9.3 shows common bacteria associated with the vaginal mucosa.
Microbiological diagnosis: The human endometrial microbiome—Endometritis
Published in Carlos Simón, Linda C. Giudice, The Endometrial Factor, 2017
Inmaculada Moreno, Carlos Simón
The bacteria colonizing the genital tract represent 9% of the total human microbiome (12). Vaginal tissue in healthy women is most populated by Lactobacillus species, followed by bacteria from different families such as Prevotella, Gardnerella, and Atopobium (13) (Figure 5.2). The molecular identification of vaginal nonculturable bacterial species was first published in 2002 and described the amplification of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene in asymptomatic reproductive-age (14) and postmenopausal women (15). Since then, many reports have described the vaginal microbiome in women of reproductive age, nonpregnant women from different ethnicities (16,17), pregnant women (18,19), patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) (20), and patients with recurrent vaginal infections (21). All these reports conclude that the vaginal microbiome of healthy women is dominated by Lactobacillus iners, Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasserii, and Lactobacillus jensenii, and that changes in the bacterial community composition may favor an imbalance in the physiological conditions of the genitourinary tract, leading to dysbiosis or a pathological state.
Immuno-modulatory effect of probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 in polarized human colonic cells against Campylobacter jejuni infection
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Yosra A. Helmy, Issmat I. Kassem, Gireesh Rajashekara
Other probiotics have been reported to exert a similar effect on the cells to control bacterial infections. For example, Lactobacillus amylovorus induces anti-inflammatory effects through the inhibition of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-8 to protect the cells against the proinflammatory response induced by Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). This anti-inflammatory effect is mediated by the induction of negative regulators of TLR4 signaling, TOLLIP, and IRAK-M.60 While pretreatment of the IPEC-1 cells with Saccharomyces cerevisiae inhibited ETEC-induced pro-inflammatory response through the inhibition of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways.61 In another study, Bifidobacterium longum and B. breve significantly reduced the IL-8, MCP-1, and IL-6 induction in porcine intestinal epithelial cells in response to ETEC through the modulation of NFκB and MAPK pathways.62Lactobacillus jensenii and L. casei inhibited TLR4-dependent NFκB and MAPK activation, leading to reduction of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines expression caused by ETEC infection. These probiotics modulated their effect via inhibition of NFκB and p38 MAPK activation in epithelial cells which then reduced the expression of IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and MCP-1.63,64 Furthermore, L. johnsonii and VSL#3 alleviated the induction of IL6, IL10, NOD, and TNF caused by C. jejuni in a mouse model that mimic C. jejuni induced immunopathology in humans.54,65
Probiotic and cranberry supplementation for preventing recurrent uncomplicated urinary tract infections in premenopausal women: a controlled pilot study
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2019
Parshottam Koradia, Shital Kapadia, Yamini Trivedi, Gajendrasinh Chanchu, Ashton Harper
Studies have shown that women with no history of UTIs had a Lactobacilli-dominant vaginal microbiota with the most common strains being Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus jensenii, and Lactobacillus iners, whilst patients suffering from recurrent UTIs were comparatively depleted of Lactobacilli [9,18]. Based on these findings it has been suggested that commensal Lactobacillus spp. may help protect the vagina from invading uropathogens [8,9]. This is the theory behind the administration of Lactobacilli-based probiotics to help maintain and restore a healthy microbiota effective in inhibiting colonization by uropathogens [8,9,19–21]. However, despite the promising potential of probiotics to prevent UTIs in the community, most randomized controlled trials up to 2015, as reviewed by the Cochrane group, failed to identify any significant clinical benefit [22].
Renal and perinephric abscesses involving Lactobacillus jensenii and Prevotella bivia in a young woman following ureteral stent procedure
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2020
Abhinav Mohan, Jacob Rubin, Priyank Chauhan, Juan Lemos Ramirez, German Giese
Lactobacillusis an anaerobic gram-positive, catalase-negative, non-sporulating rod-shaped bacteria found in the human oropharyngeal, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary systems. It is commonly seen as an additive in many yogurts, fermented foods, and probiotics. Lactobacillus jensenii is a commensal species normally found in the female genitourinary tract, with known protective activity against harmful pathogens including Candida and Gardnerella vaginalis [1].