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Hymenolepis
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
The genus Hymenolepis comprises hundreds of tapeworm species that commonly circulate between rodents and arthropods. Out of these, H. nana (dwarf tapeworm) and to a lesser extent H. diminuta (rat tapeworm) are zoonotic agents occasionally implicated in human diseases, especially among children and individuals with suppressed immune functions. Considering the difficulty in distinguishing between pathogenic and nonpathogenic Hymenolepis species solely on morphological grounds, various immunological and molecular techniques have been utilized to improve the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and speed. In particular, polymerase chain reaction amplification together with sequencing analysis offers a valuable tool for rapid identification and epidemiological tracking of Hymenolepis species, and facilitates timely implementation of control measures against hymenolepiasis in human populations. Further research on the mechanisms of Hymenolepis infections and pathogenicity is vital for development of effective vaccines against these neglected parasites.
The Helminths
Published in Donald L. Price, Procedure Manual for the Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasites, 2017
The adult tapeworms of Hymenolepis diminuta are common parasites of the intestines of rats and mice. The intermediate hosts are fleas, beetles, and cockroaches. Man becomes an accidental definitive host after ingesting the intermediate host infected with the larval stage, most probably when eating dried fruit infested by small infected beetles.
Albendazole
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Hymenolepis nana is principally an infection of young children, and is normally treated with an anticestode drug such as praziquantel. Unlike Taenia infections, eggs rather than proglottids are detected in stools, and therefore a prolonged follow-up is not required. Two hundred and seventy-seven cases in 11 studies are reported, of whom 190 (69.5%) were apparently cured by albendazole 400 mg daily for 3 days. Two studies report substantial egg reductions in those not cured. It is unclear from the reported studies whether complete cure was achieved, as follow-up was short (Chitchang et al., 1984). Shorter courses, particularly 400-mg single-dose, do not appear to produce a significant cure rate.
Impact of gut microbiome on skin health: gut-skin axis observed through the lenses of therapeutics and skin diseases
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Md. Rayhan Mahmud, Sharmin Akter, Sanjida Khanam Tamanna, Lincon Mazumder, Israt Zahan Esti, Sanchita Banerjee, Sumona Akter, Md. Rakibul Hasan, Mrityunjoy Acharjee, Md. Sajjad Hossain, Anna Maria Pirttilä
The three most essential roles that the gut microbiome plays from birth are protection, providing metabolic activities and immune system development and regulation.6,7 At the beginning of life, gut microbial communities have a role in defending the host against pathogenic organisms. Throughout the life, they provide metabolic services, such as digestion of breast milk and other food. Members of microbiome help in degradation of toxins and drugs and in the biosynthesis of vitamins.6 The gut is considered to be in a state of symbiosis, because it is populated by a diverse group of microorganisms, and the host tolerates these commensal bacteria and associated benign antigens.8–10 The ability of the immune system to build a tolerance to benign antigens is built through ontogeny and the reduction of microbiome-dependent inflammatory responses.10,11 For example, in mice, long-term colonization by benign Hymenolepis diminuta results in modification of the immune system without causing dysbiosis and give protection against immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs).12
Promising treatment strategies to combat Staphylococcus aureus biofilm infections: an updated review
Published in Biofouling, 2020
P. S. Seethalakshmi, Riya Rajeev, George Seghal Kiran, Joseph Selvin
Niclosamide is an antihelminthic drug used to treat Hymenolepis diminuta tapeworm infections in humans (Pearson and Hewlett 1985). Torres et al. (2016) found that niclosamide inhibited planktonic growth of S. aureus by 50% at a concentration of 1.2 µM, and inhibited the growth of cells in a biofilm by 50% at 6 µM. Zhurina et al. (2017) reported that 50% inhibition of biofilm formation was observed when S. aureus MFP03 and S. aureus 209 P strains were grown at 0.77 µg ml−1 and 0.05 µg ml−1 niclosamide, respectively. In addition to this, the study also concluded that a weak additive anti-biofilm activity was observed when azithromycin at 0.5 μg ml−1 was used in combination with 0.025 μg ml−1 niclosamide against S. aureus 209 P. Gwisai et al. (2017) reported that niclosamide exhibited antibacterial activity at MIC concentration in the range 0.156-0.313 µg ml−1 against MRSA. Also, niclosamide coatings were effective in preventing the attachment of S. aureus, hence the application of niclosamide can be extended as antimicrobial coatings in medical devices.
Comparing the efficiency of four diagnostic concentration techniques performed on the same group of intestinal parasites
Published in Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 2018
Kamran Pakdad, Seyed Dawood Mousavi Nasab, Fatemeh-Alsadat Damraj, Nayeb Ali Ahmadi
In the present study, the κ index of the four concentration methods for diagnosis of all the stool specimens showed moderate to substantial agreement, substantial agreement (above 65%) for FTC and FAC, and moderate agreement for FEC and FGC methods. The agreement between the diagnostic techniques, as determined by Cohen’s kappa statistic, was generally low to moderate for diagnosis of helminth species. The highest kappa value was found for A. lumbricoides between FEC and FAC (κ = 0.513) techniques, as well as for H.nana between FEC and FGC (κ = 0.416) techniques, whereas in other concentration methods for both helminth species, the kappa values were below 0.40. Similar observations have been made in previous studies in which the agreement between the ether-concentration method and quadruplicate Kato-Katz thick smears was moderate for all helminth species (T. trichiura, κ = 0.54; A. lumbricoides, κ = 0.48; hookworm, κ = 0.47).8 Another study by Utzinger et al. (2010) showed excellent agreement (κ > 0.8) among European reference laboratories for the diagnosis of A. lumbricoides, hookworm, T. trichiura and S. mansoni; moderate agreement (κ = 0.54) for Hymenolepis nana, and lesser agreement was observed for other helminth species discovered.19