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Comparative Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry of Mammalian Skin
Published in David W. Hobson, Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
Numerous authors have alluded to the similarity of pig and human skin based on light microscopic observations (compare Figures 2 and 15). The morphology of fetal, newborn, and adult porcine integument (Figure 15) has been fully described by light microscopy.289–292 Also, ultrastructural investigations on the postnatal development of porcine skin has shown it to be similar to that of man.8,34 As previously presented, swine skin resembles human skin in having a sparse hair coat, a relatively thick epidermis, similar epidermal turnover kinetics, lipid composition, and carbohydrate biochemistry. The dermal microcirculation is reported to be similar to man, as is the arrangement of dermal collagen and elastic fibers.293–296 Enzyme histochemistry is also similar.297 Reported differences in the pig include a unique interfollicular muscle that spans the triad of hair follicles (Figure 26), the presence of only apocrine sweat glands (body surface), and a slightly thicker stratum comeum.297–299
Pathology and Epidemiology
Published in John T. Kemshead, Pediatric Tumors: Immunological and Molecular Markers, 2020
Within the science of histochemistry, progress has been made in recent years beyond the level of the use of “special stains” to characterize cells merely by cataloguing their staining characteristics. More advanced techniques are now utilized to identify individual cytoplasmic components and contents, such as enzymes, which permit not only observations on the functions of the cells, but also some deduction as to the histogenesis of the tumor.
Animal Models of Meniscal Repair
Published in Yuehuei H. An, Richard J. Friedman, Animal Models in Orthopaedic Research, 2020
Jan Klompmaker, René P. H. Veth
The next step is to prepare the meniscus and articular cartilage for histologic examination in order to investigate the results on a cellular level. After fixation of the tissues, they are embedded in paraffin or in plastic and thin slices are cut which can be stained. Several stains are available and are used depending on personal favor or on the specific feature one wants to see. The tissues and cells can be studied using ordinary stains like Giemsa or hematoxylin and eosin, but many other stains are suitable. For studying the cartilage-containing part of the tissue, a stain like toluidine-blue may be useful. It provides the proteoglycans in cartilage and fibrocartilage with a red color thus distinguishing these tissues from fibrous tissue. Microscopic sections taken from the articular cartilage are useful to detect minimal degenerative changes as indicated by a decrease of proteoglycan content, cloning of articular cartilage cells, fibrillation and other changes. Immuno-histochemistry is a special technique using antibodies. These antibodies can detect specific cells or tissues and many are available. We have used them to show the collagen types present in meniscal repair tissue.50 This technique is technically demanding, time consuming and relatively expensive. Polarized-light microscopy is useful in highlighting collagen fibrils.
The Texas Society of Pathologists: molded by the legacy of pathology and focused on excellence in medicine for 100 years and beyond
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2021
Pathology has always been an opportunistic and eclectic science, taking advantage of advances in basic sciences to conduct basic and translational research ultimately aimed at the elucidation of the etiology and pathogenesis of human diseases. In the 18th and 19th centuries, autopsy pathology was primarily responsible for the scientific elucidation of many human diseases. In the 20th and 21st centuries, autopsy pathology has continued to be primarily responsible for the discovery or elucidation of the pathogenesis of new diseases, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome due to human immunodeficiency virus, as well as documentation of effects of new therapies.138–141 Both the discovery process as well as diagnostic pathology have been enhanced by the coupling of gross examination and light microscopy with new techniques, including electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, histochemistry, and immunohistochemistry. From the 1970s onward, immunocytochemistry has become a powerful and ubiquitous component of diagnostic pathology.142
The osmotic demyelination syndrome: the resilience of thalamic neurons is verified with transmission electron microscopy
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2020
Jacques Gilloteaux, Joanna Bouchat, Jean-Pierre Brion, Charles Nicaise
For immune-histochemistry, a general processing was followed according to Sternberger.81 The paraffin sections were dewaxed, rehydrated and heat-induced antigen retrieval was performed in citrate buffer pH 6 at 100ºC for 10 minutes. Endogenous peroxidase was quenched using 3% H2O2 in methanol for 10 min. Nonspecific binding was blocked using 5% horse or goat serum diluted in Tris-buffered saline (TBS) for 15 min. In order to characterize neurons, sections were then incubated overnight at 4°C with NeuN primary antibodies diluted (1:1000, Cell Signaling D3S3I, Leiden, The Netherlands) in TBS containing 1% normal serum, overnight at 4ºC. Then, sections incubated with a biotinylated secondary antibody (1:100, Vectastain, Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) for 1 hr at room temperature and contrasted peroxidase-bound streptavidin (1:100; Vectastain) for 45 min. Revelation was done using diaminobenzidine substrate (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark). Finally, sections were counterstained with hemalum, dehydrated, and mounted in DPX. Sections were observed with an Olympus BX63 microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with Hamamatsu Orca-ER camera, and images were acquired with the Cell Sens software.
Proteinase-nicked IgGs: an unanticipated target for tumor immunotherapy
Published in OncoImmunology, 2018
Robert E. Jordan, Xuejun Fan, Georgina Salazar, Ningyan Zhang, Zhiqiang An
The newly developed anti-human hinge cocktail antibody approach was deployed for immuno-histochemistry (IHC) in a number of pathological settings. Successful uses included the detection of cleaved IgGs in synovial fluid samples from individuals with rheumatoid arthritis,22,31 in freshly obtained intestinal mucosa from patients with inflammatory bowel disease,42 and in extracts from commercially obtained tumors.31 Earlier investigations using frozen tissue bank tumor samples provided evidence for IgG cleavage in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck.30 Also, in a xenograft tumor model (human HER2 positive BT474 cell line) in immune-deficient mice, evidence for dysfunctional trastuzumab confirmed the cell-bound, limited IgG cleavage.36