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Pericardium
Published in Mary N. Sheppard, Practical Cardiovascular Pathology, 2022
Cancer may affect the pericardium directly (primary are rare or through metastases which are far more common). Cancer treatment (chemotherapy and radiotherapy) may affect the pericardium leading to pericarditis and myopericarditis. Pericardial effusions, tamponade and constrictive pericarditis are complications that can also occur. Any cancer can metastasize to the pericardium resulting in an effusion with the commonest cancers doing so being breast, lung and Hodgkin lymphoma. Primary pericardial tumours are rare, accounting for around 10% of all primary cardiac tumours with their prevalence in the general population being 0.001–0.007%. Secondary tumours or direct invasion into the pericardium is around 1000 times more common. Most are adenocarcinomas and form bulky nodular masses or encase the heart in a necrotic haemorrhagic pericardial thickening (Figs. 12.19a,b). The tumour infiltrates directly or by lymphatic permeation (Figs. 12.20a). Immunostaining is useful for diagnosis (Fig. 12.20b).
Histochemistry Protocol
Published in Maher Kurdi, Neuromuscular Pathology Made Easy, 2021
Lastly, immunostaining technical problems may cause false negative protein expression. This may occur due to expired IHC antibody, expired or deficient reagents, or improper protocol application (Figure 7.3f). Repeating the stains twice is important to avoid any missing diagnosis.
Ultrastructural Immunocytochemistry
Published in Joan Gil, Models of Lung Disease, 2020
Samuel S. Spicer, Bradley A. Schulte
Immunostaining offers an advantage over biochemical analysis in allowing the interpretation of the biological significance of a tissue component in terms of the specialized function at the site where it occurs. Light microscopic immunostaining allows one to associate the role of a tissue constituent with the overall specialized activity of its host cells. Extending the method of localization to the electron microscopic level, moreover, permits one to relate the role of the cellular component to the function of a cell organelle at cytological and molecular levels.
Conjunctival and Corneal Fibrous Histiocytoma: Brief review
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2021
The mainstay of diagnosis of these tumors besides the clinical picture is biopsy. The histopathological examination of the benign FH typically shows histiocytic and fibroblastic cells in a cartwheel or storiform arrangement. A mixture of inflammatory cells like foam cells, macrophages and siderophages may also be seen additionally. Features of malignant variety are presence of nuclear atypia and/or mitotic figures. The malignant variant typically shows significant pleomorphism.4 Immunostaining is another potential tool to substantiate the diagnosis. CD68, vimentin, smooth muscle actin and focal immunoreactivity for factor XIIIA are some of the available options for staining of these tumors. These tumors may show mild immunoreactivity for CD34 but lacks it for cytokeratins, the neural and melanocytic marker S-100, and the melanocytic marker HMB-45.4
Folate-targeted intraoperative fluorescence, OTL38, in robotic-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Urology, 2021
Jay E. Sulek, James E. Steward, Clinton D. Bahler, Max H. Jacobsen, Amitha Sundaram, Cheuk Fan Shum, George E. Sandusky, Philip S. Low, Chandru P. Sundaram
Tissues were collected and processed with the aid of a surgical pathologist according to documented standard operating procedures. Immunostaining steps were performed using an immunostainer (Dako/Agilent, Santa Clara, CA). Slides were blocked with protein blocking solution (Dako/Agilent) and FRα (Biocare Medical, LLC, Concord, CA) was added to slides which were then incubated for 30–45 min at room temperature. Following washing, visual detection was performed using Envision Flex Link and 3,3′-diaminobenzidine chromogen (Dako/Agilent). A whole slide digital imaging system, ScanScope CS, (Aperio/Leica, Wetzlar, Germany), was used for imaging. Computer-assisted morphometric analysis of the digital images was performed using ImageScope software (Aperio/Leica) which uses an algorithm approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for clinical trials. The Positive Pixel Count Algorithm (Aperio/Leica) was used to quantify the amount of stain present. Only regions with positive or strong positive staining were used to calculate positivity. It was observed that weak positive staining was mostly background staining and was therefore not counted. Slides were evaluated by two pathologists. Positive and negative controls were included. Positivity was calculated for tumor tissue and normal surrounding renal parenchyma for each patient. Data was analyzed using SPSS, Version 24 (IBM, Armonk, NY).
Gut Akkermansia muciniphila ameliorates metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease by regulating the metabolism of L-aspartate via gut-liver axis
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Yong Rao, Zhiqi Kuang, Chan Li, Shiyao Guo, Yaohao Xu, Dandan Zhao, Yutao Hu, Bingbing Song, Zhi Jiang, Zhenhuang Ge, Xiyuan Liu, Chengdao Li, Shuobin Chen, Jiming Ye, Zhishu Huang, Yongjun Lu
Immunoblotting and immunostaining were performed as previously described.6 Briefly, cells or tissues were lysed and total protein were extracted and quantified. Proteins were subjected to SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membrane, and blocked with 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) – Tris-buffered saline Tween for 30 min at room temperature, then membrane were incubated with primary antibodies overnight and followed secondary antibody incubation, protein bands were visualized with an ECL kit (Millipore). The uncropped data of immunoblotting were uploaded as a supplemented file. For Immunostaining, cells were fixed and blocked, then incubated with primary antibodies at 4°C overnight. After washing, cells were co-stained with fluorescent labeled secondary antibody and 2 μg/mL DAPI (for nucleus) at 37°C for 1 h. Fluorescence images were acquired using confocal microscope (Zeiss, Germany) with a 60× UPlanApoN oil immersion lens (NA 1.40).