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Infection and Inflammation
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Erik H. J. G. Aarntzen, Andor W. J. M. Glaudemans
Some features of inflammation have major consequences for the requirements of in vivo imaging: The hematogenous spreading microorganisms and highly mobile immune cell subsets require a wide, that is, total-body, field of view. Imaging modalities with limited field of view or penetration depth, such as ultrasound, fluorescence, and bioluminescence are, therefore, less suitable. Next, inflammatory processes span a broad range of magnitudes. Viral or parasitic infections go relatively silent, whereas gram-positive cocci result in fulminant and purulent inflammation that can rapidly end in sepsis and death. The sensitivity of the imaging system should allow coverage of the whole spectrum, rendering highly sensitive techniques such as PET more attractive than other techniques, although its use can be limited by exposure limits and costs. Lastly, the complexity of an ongoing immune response is enormous, involving many soluble factors and cell subsets, challenging the specificity of the imaging system. Therefore, one should realize that labelling specific subsets of cells or imaging a single receptor may provide only fractional information.
Antimicrobial Preservative Efficacy and Microbial Content Testing*
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
Scott V.W. Sutton, Philip A. Geis
Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) is a common skin organism (25). Most preservative challenge test methods use it to challenge frequently used cosmetic products because it is a common contaminant that may pose threats to consumers (8). It represents Gram-positive cocci in many tests. Since its nutrient needs are comparatively demanding, it does not always seem to be a logical choice as a challenge inoculum.
Understanding Microbiology Culture Results
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
Gram-positive cocci indicate presence of either staphylococci, streptococci or enterococci. Staphylococci are cocci in clusters. Streptococci and enterococci are cocci in chains whereby streptococci typically form long chains and enterococci short chains.
First case of Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica isolation from a patient with a foot ulcer infection in Belgium
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2023
Delphine De Smet, Truus Goegebuer, Erwin Ho, Michel Vandenbroucke, Ann Lemmens
He is currently being followed at the foot clinic for a chronic ulcer on the left foot. Due to lack of adherence of wound care, an infection of the soft tissue and underlying bone structure has emerged. A swab collected from the left foot was sent to the microbiology laboratory for wound cultures. The sample was inoculated onto sheep blood agar (Columbia agar with 5% sheep blood), CHOC-PVX (factor V (NAD), factor X (hemine) and PolyViteX), Columbia CAP (sheep blood with colistin and aztreonam) and MacConkey agars (Becton, Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, US), and thereafter incubated under aerobic conditions at 37°C. Gram staining showed Gram-negative bacilli and Gram-positive cocci. Four different organisms were isolated. Microbial identification of each isolate was obtained through MALDI-TOF MS, Bruker, Billerica, Massachusetts, US. The organisms were identified as Proteus mirabilis (+), Staphylococcus aureus (++), Pasteurella canis (+++) and Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica (+++). The presence of micro-organisms is reported to be semi-quantitative. Note, the isolate identified as W. chitiniclastica was reliably scored with identification log values of 2.49. The isolate was confirmed to be W. chitiniclastica via 16S rRNA gene sequencing performed at the National Reference Laboratory (Laboratoriumgeneeskunde, UZ Leuven, Belgium).
Molecular sequencing technologies in the diagnosis and management of prosthetic joint infections
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2022
Zakareya Gamie, Dileep Karthikappallil, Emane Gamie, Stavros Stamiris, Eustathios Kenanidis, Eleftherios Tsiridis
For prosthetic hip and knee arthroplasty, the most common causative microorganisms include Gram-positive cocci (65% of cases, Table 1). In one of the greatest articles of PJI etiology in recent times, Benito et al. supported that staphylococci were the most common cause of infection [28]. For example, Staphylococcus species, which include Staphylococcus aureus, a key player of prosthetic joint infection [25] and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species and these are the main causes within this group (50–65%). Gram-positive cocci also include Streptococcus species (9%) and Enterococcus species (8%); however, these are rare causes of PJIs [11]. The group of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species are part of the human microbiome of the skin and include, for example, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus lugdunensis [1].
Comparative efficacy assessment of antiviral alone and antiviral-antibiotic combination in prevention of influenza-B infection associated complications
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Azfar Ishaqui, Amer Hayat Khan, Syed Azhar Syed Sulaiman, Muhammad Taher Alsultan, Irfanullah Khan
Gram positive cocci pathogens emerge as the most common causative agents for secondary bacterial infections in Group-B1 patients. Streptococcus pneumoniae alone was responsible for one-fourth of the identified secondary bacterial infection. Pathogens from class atypical pneumonia (Mycoplasma pneumonia & Chlaymydia pneumoniae) were also found to be common with causative agent of 9 (28.1%) cases. In terms of sensitivity and susceptibility, azithromycin was found to be effective against atypical pneumonia agents as well as some Gram positive cocci. Azithromycin may modulate airway inflammation induced by influenza virus infection. Basic studies have shown that azithromycin is effective against secondary bacterial pneumonia after influenza virus infection because of its inhibitory effect on the expression of various cytokines and its antibacterial activity [51]. However, in our study the incidences of secondary bacterial infection were found in 5.1% of patients who were initiated on oseltamivir along with azithromycin. Ceftriaxone, cefepime and meropenam were found to be effective against pathogens from Gram positive cocci and Gram negative rods. Patients at high risk of complications or secondary infection should be considered for antibiotics in the presence of lower respiratory features. Patients should have antibiotics which are effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Although all guidelines for the empirical treatment of community acquired pneumonia cover Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus poses more of a challenge.