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Community-acquired spinal infections
Published in Michael Y. Wang, Andrea L. Strayer, Odette A. Harris, Cathy M. Rosenberg, Praveen V. Mummaneni, Handbook of Neurosurgery, Neurology, and Spinal Medicine for Nurses and Advanced Practice Health Professionals, 2017
Tammy L. Tyree, Luis M. Tumialán
Less common organisms include Propionibacterium acnes, Finegoldia magna (formerly Peptostreptococcus magnus), Actinomyces sp., Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis (formerly S. enteritidis), Lactobacillus sp., and group G Streptococcus (Karadimas et al., 2008; Greenberg, 2010; Parkins et al., 2008).
Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G)
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Alasdair M. Geddes, Ian M. Gould, Jason A. Roberts, Jason A. Trubiano, M. Lindsay Grayson
Anaerobic Gram-positive cocci, which include Peptococcus and Peptostreptococcus spp. and anaerobic streptococci, were nearly always highly susceptible to Pen G (Tally et al., 1975; Sutter and Finegold, 1976), but more recently resistance rates of 10–24% have been reported (Greenwood and Palfreyman, 1987; Panichi et al., 1990). Others have also reported significant penicillin resistance in Finegoldia magna (16%), Micromonas micros (8%), and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (Reig and Baquero, 1994; Wren, 1996). No beta-lactamase has been described in anaerobic Gram-positive cocci, suggesting altered PBPs as the main mechanisms of resistance. A 10-country European survey of 299 isolates mainly described F. magna and Parvimonas micra (formerly Peptostreptococcus micros) (Brazier et al., 2008). All were susceptible to metronidazole and vancomycin, but 7% (n = 21) were resistant to penicillin (n = 13) and/or clindamycin (n =12). From a recent Australian survey of oral anaerobes, 74.5% of 106 Prevotella spp. isolates were penicillin susceptible. Overall 77.6% of 201 oral anaerobes were penicillin susceptible (Warnke et al., 2008).
Novel strategies to diagnose prosthetic or native bone and joint infections
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Alex Van Belkum, Marie-Francoise Gros, Tristan Ferry, Sebastien Lustig, Frédéric Laurent, Geraldine Durand, Corinne Jay, Olivier Rochas, Christine C. Ginocchio
PJI can be sterile where no clear infectious cause is detected or caused by a bacterial, mycobacterial, or fungal etiology. For the sake of simplicity and clarity, we will focus this review on bacterial infections mostly, and we will not review the sizable literature available for fungal infections [71,72]. There is a strong diversity of microorganisms, including slow growing and fastidious organisms, with mycobacteria being the most prevalent organisms [73,74]. However, this can be very region specific. Anaerobic bacteria are probably underdiagnosed. Most of the reported anaerobic infections are post-surgical shoulder infections associated with Cutibacterium acnes. Other anaerobic bacterial species such as Bacteroides spp., Clostridium spp., Finegoldia magna, and Parvimonas micra have been frequently reported in septic arthritis, spondylodiscitis and PJI [75].
The Mucosally-Adherent Rectal Microbiota Contains Features Unique to Alcohol-Related Cirrhosis
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Ting-Chin David Shen, Scott G. Daniel, Shivali Patel, Emily Kaplan, Lillian Phung, Kaylin Lemelle-Thomas, Lillian Chau, Lindsay Herman, Calvin Trisolini, Aimee Stonelake, Emily Toal, Vandana Khungar, Kyle Bittinger, K. Rajender Reddy, Gary D. Wu
Finegoldia magna and Porphorymonas asaccharolytica, in addition to being asaccharolytic, are both obligate anaerobes as well as known opportunistic human pathogens. F. magna is a gram-positive anaerobic cocci (GPAC) that normally colonizes the skin and mucosal surfaces of the oral, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and female genitourinary tracts but can become opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised hosts along with other GPACs, such as aforementioned Anaerococcus and Peptoniphilus.34Porphyromonas asaccharolytica, on the other hand, is a gram-negative bacilli commonly found in the naso-oropharyngeal, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts and has been found in brain abscesses, sinusitis, osteomyelitis, bacteremia, periodontal, pleuropulmonary, genitourinary, and soft tissue infections, as well as one reported case of liver abscess.35 Despite being obligate anaerobes, F. magna and P. asaccharolytica displayed higher relative abundances in the microaerobic mucosal environment, the spatial proximity of which may increase the likelihood for translocation relative to the lumen. In the setting of cirrhosis, translocation risk is further heightened by increased intestinal permeability and decreased immune defenses.6 Additionally, a previous study has shown that the mucosal, but not fecal, microbiome differ between those with and without hepatic encephalopathy.36 These findings emphasize the importance in studying the mucosal microbiome in predicting clinical outcome in cirrhosis.
Optimization of the empirical antibiotic choice during the treatment of acute prosthetic joint infections: a retrospective analysis of 91 patients
Published in Acta Orthopaedica, 2019
Joost H J Van Erp, Adriaan C Heineken, Remco J A Van Wensen, Robin W T M Van Kempen, Johannes G E Hendriks, Marjolijn Wegdam-Blans, Judith M Fonville, M C (Marieke) Van Der Steen
After routine laboratory antibiotic susceptibility testing of the micro-organisms as described above, the measured susceptibility patterns were supplemented with known intrinsic and derived resistance information as described by EUCAST (Leclercq et al. 2013). The resistance pattern for cefazolin was equated to the resistance of cefuroxime. Resistance was further inferred from related antibiotics and literature studies as follows. Corynebacterium, Finegoldia, Granulicatella, Peptoniphilus, Cutibacterium acnes, and streptococcal species were set to be sensitive to cefuroxime when sensitive to penicillin. Streptococci and Granulicatella species were set to be sensitive to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid when sensitive to penicillin, whilst Enterococcus faecium was set to be resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. For some combinations of micro-organism and antibiotic, the resistance pattern could not be inferred from known patterns or literature studies. Susceptibility was then set as unknown.