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Gut Microbiota—Specific Food Design
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Santosh K. Mishra, Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants in Food Design, 2022
Aparna V. Sudhakaran, Himanshi Solanki
In a recent study, it was reported that Lactobacillus acidophilus converts the plant glycosides to aglycones, which can be readily used by the host [69]. The specific microbial enzymes like esterase and glucosidase involve in the biotransformation of polyphenols [69]. The tea polyphenols have a positive impact on the abundance of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Entero- coccus genus like Akkermansia spp., Faecalibacterium spp., and Roseburia spp. [26, 52], whereas negative impact of Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Clostridium histolyticum that can be linked with its prebiotic effect [67]. The association of a consortium of microbes is integral for the entire metabolism of polyphenols in the gut.
Role of regulatory T cells in mucosal immunity
Published in Phillip D. Smith, Richard S. Blumberg, Thomas T. MacDonald, Principles of Mucosal Immunology, 2020
Another example of bacteria that induce pTreg cells are Clostridium species within clusters IV and XIVa. Consortia of Clostridium species can promote the differentiation of colonic pTreg cells. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is a bacterial species found in man and belonging to Clostridium cluster IV. It can promote the production of IL-10 by peripheral blood monocytes. Clostridium ramosum is also a strong inducer of pTreg cells. Clostridium species induce accumulation of RORγt+Helios− pTreg cells, rather than GATA3+ tTreg cells. Clostridium strains can also facilitate the expression of IL-10 and CTLA-4 by pTreg cells. Mice with abundant Clostridium strains in their intestines exhibit resistance to experimental colitis or food allergy.
Probiotics, Vitamin D, and Vitamin D Receptor in Health and Disease
Published in Marcela Albuquerque Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc, Jean Guy LeBlanc, Raquel Bedani, Lactic Acid Bacteria, 2020
Carolina Battistini, Najib Nassani, Susana MI Saad, Jun Sun
The gut microbiota comprises all the microorganisms present in the gut, including bacteria, viruses, archeae, fungi, and yeasts. Its composition reaches maturity at the fourth year of life approximately, and it is influenced by non-genetic factors, such as age, sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, and dietary patterns, and at the genetic level by the VDR gene (Cani 2018, Cani et al. 2019, Fouhy et al. 2019). A healthy intestinal environment is associated with the presence of beneficial microorganisms like Bifidobacterium spp., Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and Lactobacillus spp., higher amounts of butyrate and anti-inflammatory cytokines, a thicker mucus layer, and improved barrier function (Celiberto et al. 2018, Costea et al. 2018).
A decrease in functional microbiomes represented as Faecalibacterium affects immune homeostasis in long-term stable liver transplant patients
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Soon Kyu Lee, JooYeon Jhun, Seung Yoon Lee, Sukjung Choi, Sun Shim Choi, Myeong Soo Park, Seon-Young Lee, Keun-Hyung Cho, A Ram Lee, Joseph Ahn, Ho Joong Choi, Young Kyoung You, Pil Soo Sung, Jeong Won Jang, Si Hyun Bae, Seung Kew Yoon, Mi-La Cho, Jong Young Choi
Gut microbiota modulates systemic immune functions along the gut–liver axis.7 In end-stage liver disease, gut dysbiosis is ubiquitous; it increases lipopolysaccharide and microbial metabolites, which induce inflammatory cytokines and modulate adaptive immune function with a decrease in Treg and an increase in T helper 17 (Th17) cells.8–10 In the early phase of post-LT, gut dysbiosis could persist and even get worse with a decrease in potentially beneficial genera, including Faecalibacterium, Bifidobacterium , and Lactobacillus .11,12 A higher Proteobacteria and lower Firmicutes , including Faecalibacterium , are even correlated with posttransplant cognitive impairment.13 This gut dysbiosis partially recovers within 12 to 24 months post-LT.8 However, whether the gut microbial balance is fully recovered in long-term post-LT patients remains unclear. Moreover, identifying functional microbiomes affecting immune homeostasis under the influence of long-term IS has not yet been evaluated.
Sleep apnea is associated with the increase of certain genera of Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae in the gut microbiome of hypertensive patients
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2022
Cheng Zhang, Fengwei Chen, Yane Shen, Yuqing Chen, Jing Ma
One the other hand, HTN was associated with the decrease in Faecalibacterium and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group in the context of OSA. These two genera are also members of some genera of the Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae family. Faecalibacterium converts sugars and acetate into butyrate – an important molecule for intestinal health used by colonocytes as an energy resource. Faecalibacterium is also a beneficial bacterium that produces short-chain fatty acids. Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group are bacteria that produce short-chain fatty acids and enhance the function of the intestinal barrier. The reduction of these beneficial bacteria may lead to the increase of inflammation and disrupt the integrity of the intestinal mucosa by passing through the gut–brain axis, causing neuroinflammation leading to hypertension. Neuroinflammation is a key pathophysiology marker of OSA-induced HTN [6]. This difference is similar to previous findings that show that the abundance of Faecalibacterium was significantly lower in hypertensive and prehypertensive individuals than in normotensive individuals, regardless of OSA [34]. It might be related to the disease itself, the progression of the disease or the microbiota failed to respond to the disease burden.
From taxonomy to metabolic output: what factors define gut microbiome health?
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Tomasz Wilmanski, Noa Rappaport, Christian Diener, Sean M. Gibbons, Nathan D. Price
Chronic metabolic and immune-related disease states often fall into the second category of ‘dysbiosis’, where a small number of beneficial microbes are depleted from the ecosystem. For example, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including both ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), shows a consistent depletion of putatively beneficial short-chain-fatty-acid (SCFA) producing taxa (e.g. Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Ruminococcus).37–39 Similar declines in SCFA producers, particularly Faecalibacterium, have been reported in a variety of human disorders, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and bipolar disorder.40,41 The beneficial role of Faecalibacterium in the gut is in part attributed to its anti-inflammatory potential. Studies in mice have demonstrated that administration of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii can reduce chemically-induced colitis, decrease production of inflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and IFNγ, and restore proper gut barrier function.42 Because of its consistent depletion across disease states, F. prausnitzii, in particular, has been proposed as a biomarker for monitoring gut microbiome health.43