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Utilization of Fisheries' By-Products for Functional Foods
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Muhamad Darmawan, Nurrahmi Dewi Fajarningsih, Sihono, Hari Eko Irianto
The growth of fisheries production in the world has led to the increasing amounts of fisheries by-products, which is about 20 million tons, that if not being utilized optimally will lead to the environmental problem of waste (Khawli et al., 2020). The fish by-products amounts vary depending on the species, fish size, fishing ground and season (Rustad et al., 2011). In order to provide a wide variety of fisheries’ products for human consumption, the fisheries’ product-processing industries have significantly grown globally (Nawaz et al., 2020). Besides by-catch fish, a great number of by-products are derived from the fisheries’ processing, that is, heads, skin, bones, scales and viscera, which is between 30–85% of the processed fish (Khawli et al., 2019).
Preimplantation Genetic Testing of Aneuploidies (PGT-A)
Published in Carlos Simón, Carmen Rubio, Handbook of Genetic Diagnostic Technologies in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Daniela N. Bakalova, Darren K. Griffin, Maria E. Póo, Alan R. Thornhill
Despite the initial success of PGT for sexing using PCR, it was inherently prone to false positive or negative results [8]. Following the first misdiagnosis for embryo sexing resulting from a failed amplification of the Y-specific sequence, the technique was superseded by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) [9]. FISH uses fluorescent nucleic acid probes complementary to chromosomal DNA to visualize specific regions of interest using fluorescent microscopy. Using FISH for X and Y chromosome specific probes, it thereby displayed distinct diagnostic patterns for male and female embryos. A year after its first clinical application for sex determination, it was used for the detection of aneuploidy [10].
Basic genetics and patterns of inheritance
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a technique in which DNA probes attached to fluorescent dyes are hybridized to specific chromosome regions from patient samples, either interphase cells or metaphase chromosome spreads, most often from lymphocytes or amniocytes. The chromosomes are then visualized by fluorescent microscopy. Probes can be designed to hybridize to whole chromosomes, specific chromosome segments of interest, centromeres, or telomeres. FISH is widely used for the diagnosis of suspected recognizable microdeletion syndromes (Fig. 4). Multicolor FISH is useful for analyzing submicroscopic structural rearrangements undetectable by classic cytogenetic techniques or for identifying marker chromosomes. FISH is also used for rapid screening for aneuploidy including trisomy 13, 18, or 21 and abnormalities of X and Y.
Toxic and bioaccumulative effects of zinc nanoparticle exposure to goldfish, Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Hamed Ghafarifarsani, Seyed Aliakbar Hedayati, Morteza Yousefi, Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar, Peyman Yarahmadi, Seyedeh Soraya Mahmoudi, Hien Van Doan
The physiological status of various species has been commonly applied to investigate the toxic effects of NPs (Farré et al. 2009). Analysis of blood biochemical and immunological parameters are useful diagnostic tools in fish toxicological studies (Mirghaed et al. 2018; Kanwal et al. 2019; Naguib et al. 2020; Yousefi et al. 2020). In addition, hematological indicators including red and white blood parameters were proven to be highly sensitive to various environmental factors such as nutrition, water quality, stress, or pathogens (Witeska et al. 2022). To the best of our knowledge, there is no information on the effects of ZnO-NPs on the immune and biochemical factors of fish blood. We feel that such knowledge may greatly increase our understanding of its mechanism of action in the fish body.
The sine qua non of the fish invitrome today and tomorrow in environmental radiobiology
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Environmental radiation-associated cancer risks in fish are not a frequently reported subject in the literature. In the most recent study by Lerebours et al. (2018), it was found that fish from the heavily radioactive-contaminated lakes in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone do not develop any sign of tumors. Given that the Chernobyl nuclear disaster was over 30 years ago, their results suggest that cancer risk in fish exposed to radiation in natural environments are probably very low to nil. Monitoring cancer morbidity in the environment can be difficult if routine surveillance with the right expertise is not performed. Additionally, there are other stressors in the natural environment that can contribute to the stochastic effects as well. As diagnostic tools, fish cell lines can aid in determining if one radiation exposure type, singularly or in combination with other stressors may lead to carcinogenesis, by using cell transformation assays. They can also aid in identifying sensitive tumourigenic biomarkers for exposure to environmental radiation by using omics technologies.
Strategic advancements and multimodal applications of biofilm therapy
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2021
Different FISH techniques like Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA-FISH) are applicable in clinical biofilms that increase the affinity toward DNA and RNA. Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA-FISH) is used in early stages that show high affinity toward DNA and RNA in addition to short hybridization time and more flexibility in probe design. FISH techniques improve the recognition of elements and determine the quantitative description of substance. The other varieties of FISH techniques include CARD-FISH, DOPE-FISH and Combinational Labeling and Spectral Imaging Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (CLASI-FISH) that shows variation with the improvement on detection element [24,33,34]. FISH in combination with other techniques like FISH/MAR, FISH Raman and FISH nanosims reduces the risk of cross-feeding [35]. They are useful in combination with stable isotopes like heavy water i.e. deuterium oxide; imaging is performed at sub-micron resolution with high spatial resolution with sensitivity. Disadvantages of FISH techniques include lack of sensitivity, less probe permeation and hybridization efficiency and restricted amount of different target organism determination at the same time.