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Infectious Optic Neuropathies
Published in Vivek Lal, A Clinical Approach to Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders, 2023
Imran Rizvi, Ravindra Kumar Garg
The Epstein-Barr virus is associated with many non-malignant and malignant conditions, like infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal malignancy and central nervous system lymphoma. Epstein-Barr virus can also cause optic neuropathy. The involvement of optic nerve in such cases is usually bilateral. Papillitis, neuroretinitis, retrobulbar neuritis and involvement of optic chiasm all have been described.11–13 Corticosteroids are often helpful in restoring the vision.14
The Viruses
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
“Kissing disease” is one name for an acute illness of adolescents and young adults referred to more correctly as infectious mononucleosis. Lymphadenopathy, mild hepatitis, abnormal mononuclear lymphocytes, and large amounts of heterophile antibodies in the blood characterize the disease, infectious mononucleosis is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, a member of the Herpesviridae (Table 16.1). Epstein-Barr virus is transmitted with infectious body fluids, most commonly saliva. The virus is lymphotropic, infecting B cells. Primary infection in early childhood is usually asymptomatic, but thirty to fifty percent of individuals infected in early adolescence develop clinical disease. Most people possess antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus, indicating prior exposure, but only about fifteen percent of seropositive persons shed virus in the saliva.
Introduction
Published in Jay A. Goldstein, Chronic Fatigue Syndromes, 2020
During the six years or so that I have been intensely interested in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), my understanding of the illness has undergone continued evolution. I originally conceived of CFS as being a disorder of inappropriate immune activation with the symptoms caused by generation of immune transmitter substances called cytokines. I developed this concept from earlier work on the treatment of acute infectious mononucleosis with H-2 blockers, the results of which I published in 1981 and 1983.1,2 Mononucleosis had been discovered to be caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and it was known at the time that there was an elevated number of OKT8+ cells, now called suppressor/cytotoxic, or CD8+, cells. Although the symptoms were systemic and constitutional, and included fatigue, sore throat and obvious tonsillitis with enlarged lymph nodes and enlarged spleen, the Epstein-Barr virus could be recovered from only a few locations, such as the oropharynx. It seemed rather obvious that most of the signs and symptoms were caused by the reaction of the immune system to the virus, rather than the virus itself. Having a background in psychopharmacology, in which the study of transmitter-receptor interactions was fairly advanced, I reasoned that the OKT8+ lymphocytes might be producing a factor that was causing the syndrome. Cytokines or lymphokines were not well known yet, and the idea that cytokine dysrecould could cause disease was novel.
Who is the patient at risk for EBV reactivation and disease: expert opinion focused on post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2023
Agata Marjanska, Jan Styczynski
Epstein-Barr virus is associated with various diseases [7,17,18]. EBV-associated clinical syndromes include: Primary syndromes: infectious mononucleosis (IM), chronic active EBV infection (CAEBV), hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome;EBV-associated tumors: lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD, non-PTLD), Burkitt lymphoma, EBV-positive DLBCL (Diffused Large B-Cell Lymphoma), nasopharyngeal carcinoma, EBV-associated smooth muscle tumors, T/NK (T-Cell/Natural Killer Cell) lymphomas, Hodgkin lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma;EBV-associated post-transplant diseases: post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD), post-transplant hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), oral hairy leukoplakia, and other rare end-organ diseases: encephalitis, myelitis, hepatitis, pneumonia, etc.
Genital ulceration in adolescent girls: a diagnostic challenge
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2021
Anastasia Vatopoulou, Konstantinos Dinas, Evangelia Deligeoroglou, Alexis Papanikolaou
Acute vulvar ulceration in children and non-sexually active adolescents is rare and presents as single or multiple painful ulcers with necrotic margins that usually resolve without scarring. In addition to sexually transmitted infections (STIs), it can be caused by several conditions such as autoimmune diseases (Behçet’s disease (BD)), fixed drug reactions or Crohn’s disease. Infections by viruses, mycoplasma and toxoplasma have been implicated in some cases (Vismara et al. 2020). The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes infectious mononucleosis, one of the commonest viral infections in humans (Masucci and Ernberg 1994). Most of the population in developed countries acquire immunity to EBV during childhood and adolescence (Schuster and Kreth 1992). Genital ulcerations have been associated with EBV infection and appear to represent a manifestation of a systemic viraemia (Sumaya 1986).
APX-115A, a pan-NADPH Oxidase Inhibitor, Induces Caspase-dependent Cell Death by Suppressing NOX4-ROS Signaling in EBV-infected Retinal Epithelial Cells
Published in Current Eye Research, 2020
Seung-Woo Hong, Min Hye Noh, Yeong Seok Kim, Dong-Hoon Jin, Sung Hwan Moon, Jae Wook Yang, Dae Young Hur
Epstein-Barr virus was initially discovered in Burkitt’s lymphoma patients and was classified as a γ-herpes onco-virus.1 EBV infection is ubiquitous, infecting approximately 90% of the world adult population.2 The oncogenic effect of EBV has been well studied in various malignancies, such as Burkitt’s lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and gastric cancer.3–6 Although cases of EBV infection are rarely detected in retinal diseases, EBV is associated with ocular malfunction, especially chronic uveitis.7–9 However, the detailed molecular mechanism underlying the effect of EBV in retinal diseases or in retinal cell models remains elusive. Understanding these mechanisms, which could provide a novel potential target for EBV-induced chronic ocular diseases, may result in new therapies for ocular diseases.