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Pollution and Ecotoxicology
Published in P. K. Gupta, Brainstorming Questions in Toxicology, 2020
Environmental disease refers to any pathologic process having a characteristic set of signs and symptoms that are detrimental to the well-being of the individual and are the consequence of many factors, including exposure to physical or chemical agents, poor nutrition, and social or cultural behaviours.
Prevention – 2
Published in Raymond Downing, Suffering and Healing in America, 2018
In other words, people felt, malaria was an environmental disease and changing – or avoiding – the environment where it flourished prevented the disease. This concept is obviously still valid. European settlers in Africa and India sought higher, malaria-free areas to live and the boarding school my children attended in Kenya is located at 7500 feet on purpose, to avoid malaria, risk for the missionary children, since malaria is rarely transmitted at that altitude. Even before people knew anything about the biological cause of malaria, they had a pretty good idea about how to prevent it – or at least avoid it.
Stomach and duodenum
Published in Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie, Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery, 2018
Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie
There are marked variations in the incidence of gastric cancer worldwide. In the UK it is approximately 15 per 100 000 per year, in the USA 10 per 100 000 per year and in Eastern Europe 40 per 100 000 per year. In Japan, the disease is much more common, with an incidence of approximately 70 per 100 000 per year, and there are small geographical areas in China where the incidence is double that in Japan. These underlying epidemiological data make it clear that this is an environmental disease. In general, men are more affected by the disease than women and, as with most solid organ malignancies, the incidence increases with age.
A Brazilian multicentre study on the clinical and epidemiological profiles of 1116 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and its phenotypic variants
Published in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration, 2022
Christian Marques Couto, Elisa de Melo Queiroz, Renata Nogueira, Ana Paula Pires Duarte Küsel, Osvaldo J. M. Nascimento
Previous Brazilian cohort studies reported a mean age at onset varying from 52.8 to 54.9 years (13). This is in line with our findings of an overall median age of 55 years. In addition, those numbers are very similar to those in cohorts from South American and African countries (31,32) but much younger than the usual range of 60 to 65 years reported in US and European populations (33). The earlier onset in developing countries is well established, but the reasons for this are not. One possible explanation would be that shorter life expectancies could distort the incidence and prevalence curves, leading to more patients in their fifth and sixth decades of life. Another point to consider is that in a genetic-environmental disease model (34), sociodemographic characteristics negatively affect disease progression.
Sources, symptoms and characteristics of childhood lead poisoning: experience from a lead specialty clinic in China
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2018
Xiao-Lan Ying, Zhen-Yan Gao, Jin Yan, Meng Zhang, Ju Wang, Jian Xu, Morri Markowitz, Chong-Huai Yan
Childhood lead poisoning is a preventable environmental disease. Potential sources of lead exposure vary within and between countries. For example, lead-based paint was in widespread use in USA especially in the 1930s and 1940s. The US Congress banned the use of lead-based paint in 1971, and the Consumer Product Safety Commission followed by implementing lead limiting regulations, effective in 1978. Thus, houses built prior to 1978 may well have lead-based paint on interior and exterior surfaces. Similar limitations on permissible levels of lead in paint intended for household use were not instituted until 2001 in China, although some investigators believe that its use was not widespread prior to that time [5,6]. Thus, public health programs for lead poisoning prevention may need to be crafted specifically toward the main sources of exposure in each country.
Audit of toxic effects of body paint in the tiger dancers (Hulivesha) of Mangalore, India: an investigational study
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2019
Varun Pai, Haladi Sudhir Prabhu, Faizan Khalekhan, Rashmi Theresa Mathai, Arnadi Ramachandrayya Shivashankara, Ramakrishna Pai Jakribettu, Nandakishore Bala, Paul Simon, Manjeshwar Shrinath Baliga
Due to cost factors, the paints used by the Huliveshadharis are of cheaper quality and mostly of the unbranded companies. Paints have been reported to contain lead, mercury, chromates, nickel, and other coloured pigments which affect the humans and animals alike. Of these, lead poisoning is an important environmental disease and is shown to have life-long adverse health effects especially in children1. For the first time, we have investigated the effect of whole body painting on the dermatological, hematological; oxidative stress and an increase in lead levels in the peripheral blood. Additionally, the clinical features and the physical pain due to dancing were also quantified before application and after removal of the paint (at the completion of the religious function).