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Commensal Flora
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
The commensal flora in the oropharynx consists mainly of anaerobes and streptococci. Coliforms can be transient colonizers, mainly in hospitalized patients. The most common anaerobes are Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Corynebacterium, Veillonella, Rothia and Capnocytophaga. Other members of the commensal flora are streptococci, Gemella and Granulicatella, Neisseria spp. and Haemophilus spp. Infections with oropharyngeal flora are seen in periodontal diseases, endocarditis and aspiration pneumonia. Oropharyngeal flora associated with endocarditis are viridans streptococci, Haemophilus spp. and members belonging to the HACEK group. Periodontal infections, perioral abscesses, sinusitis and mastoiditis may involve predominantly P. melaninogenica, Fusobacterium spp. and Peptostreptococcus spp. Aspiration of saliva may result in necrotizing pneumonia, lung abscess and empyema. Streptococcus mutans plays a particularly important role in dental plaques and caries. Eikenella corrodens is an important pathogen in human bites.
Bites and stings
Published in Biju Vasudevan, Rajesh Verma, Dermatological Emergencies, 2019
Common pathogens associated with bite wounds include streptococci, staphylococci, Pasteurella spp., Capnocytophaga canimorsus, and anaerobes. Breast implant infection and lung abscesses due to Pasteurella multocida have both been linked to cats, and staphylococcal endocarditis has been reported after a cat bite. Brain abscess formation has been observed following a dog bite. In immunocompromised patients, there is a significant risk of Pasteurella or Capnocytophaga sepsis. Capnocytophaga canimorsus sepsis has a high mortality rate and has been associated with purpura fulminans. Human bites have a higher likelihood of infections with Staphylococcus aureus and Eikenella corrodens.
Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G)
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Alasdair M. Geddes, Ian M. Gould, Jason A. Roberts, Jason A. Trubiano, M. Lindsay Grayson
Eikenella corrodens is an aerobic Gram-negative rod that is a normal inhabitant of human oral cavity; it may cause periodontitis, human bite wound infections, or more serious infections such as endocarditis. Most strains are sensitive to Pen G, but some strains produce a constitutive beta-lactamase and are Pen G resistant. Plasmids have not been detected in the strains producing the enzyme (Joshi et al., 1991; Lacroix and Walker, 1991). Luong et al. (2001) reported that 100% of 106 isolates of Eikenella corrodens were amoxicillin susceptible.
Ethnic variability associating gut and oral microbiome with obesity in children
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Baskar Balakrishnan, Vaithinathan Selvaraju, Jun Chen, Priscilla Ayine, Lu Yang, Jeganathan Ramesh Babu, Thangiah Geetha, Veena Taneja
Interestingly, the oral microbiome of EA children showed microbial variability between obese and non-obese children, whereas AA children did not show that variability. Salivary microbiota in obese EA children showed an abundance of Aggregatibacter and Eikenella, both associated with periodontitis and obesity.36–38Aggregatibacter has been described as an oral pathogen associated with obesity in AA and Japanese adults.37Eikenella was found to be increased in obese Brazilian patients with chronic periodontitis.38 Hence, the changes in oral microbiome may also have regional specificity. Gupta et al39 showed how geography, ethnicity, and subsistence play a role in the diversity of human microbiome composition. While many opportunistic pathogenic species, such as Streptococcus, Butyrivibrio, Capnocytophaga, Fusobacterium, Haemophilus, and Prevotella,40,41 showed differences in salivary microbiome between AA and EA children, Streptococcus are the only bacteria that differentiated with higher abundance in AA children, supporting a previous study of its increased presence in low-income AA populations.38 The present data suggest that the oral microbiome in obesity is much more relevant for EA children than AA children.
Oral microbial diversity analysis among atrophic glossitis patients and healthy individuals
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2021
Hong Li, Jing Sun, Xiaoyan Wang, Jing Shi
Our results showed the relationship between the degree of atrophic and oral microbial communities, including bacteria and fungi Figure 8 (a,b). The atrophic degree of glossitis patients was divided into three groups (slight, moderate, severe). For bacteria, our analysis showed that Eikenella have the correlation with the atrophic degree in atrophic glossitis patients. There was a decrease in relative abundance with the increasing of atrophic degree and a significant difference among groups respectively (slight VS moderate; slight VS severe) (Figure 8a). For fungi, the result showed that Saccharomycetales_unidentified_1 has no correlation with the atrophic degree and its relative abundance has no change with the increasing of atrophic degree (Figure 8b).
The pathogenic microbial flora and its antibiotic susceptibility pattern in odontogenic infections
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2019
Paul Andrei Tent, Raluca Iulia Juncar, Florin Onisor, Simion Bran, Antonia Harangus, Mihai Juncar
All the disadvantages of using penicilllins were overcome for a time period by administration of clindamycin, which has a higher rate of absorption, an increased concentration in the bone, a broader spectrum of action extending to resistant anaerobic strains, and can also be administered to penicillin-allergic patients (Kirkwood 2003; Bascones Martinez et al. 2004; Poveda Roda et al. 2007; Warnke et al. 2008; Sato et al. 2009; Sánchez et al. 2011). Nevertheless, the current overwhelming increase in bacterial resistance to clindamycin is extremely worrying (Lewis et al. 1995; Gordon et al. 2002; Seppälä et al. 2003; Smith et al. 2004; Plum et al. 2018). The research results of some authors describe the fact that the highest overall resistance of microbial strains isolated from the site of suppuration is to clindamycin (11–56%) (Kuriyama et al. 2000; Poeschl et al. 2010; Sánchez et al. 2011; Zirk et al. 2016, Heim et al. 2017). Zirk et al. (2016) isolated Eikenella corrodens strains from head and neck infections 100% resistant to clindamycin. The ineffectiveness of clindamycin on the Eikenella corrodens species has been reported in other literature studies (Rodríguez-Avial et al. 2001; Bascones Martinez et al. 2004; Brescó-Salinas et al. 2006; Sánchez et al. 2011). However, contrary to this result, Liau et al. (2018) describe low rates (3.8%) of overall resistance to clindamycin.