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Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Oxytetracycline is a tetracycline analog isolated from the actinomycete Streptomyces rimosus with broad-spectrum antibacterial properties. This antibiotic is indicated for treatment of infections caused by a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae. Oxytetracycline is used topically in the treatment of acne vulgaris, ophthalmic infections, and in the prevention or treatment of skin infections (11). In pharmaceutical products, both oxytetracycline and oxytetracycline hydrochloride (CAS number 2058-46-0, EC number 218-161-2, molecular formula C22H25CIN2O9) may be employed.
Penile discharge and dysuria
Published in Manu Shah, Ariyaratne de Silva, The Male Genitalia, 2018
Manu Shah, Ariyaratne de Silva
Gonorrhoea is an infection of the mucous membrane surfaces caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The organism is a highly infectious gram negative diplococcus, commonly referred to as the gonococcus. A single act of unprotected sexual intercourse with an affected individual will give a transmission rate of between 30% and 70%. The risk of a woman developing gonorrhoea from a man is much higher than for a man developing the disease from an infected woman. In men, an acute purulent urethritis occurs in the majority of infected individuals, although some may be asymptomatic.
D
Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Diplococcus [Greek: diploos, double + kokkos, berry] The occurrence of cocci in lobar pneumonia was noted by Carl Joseph Eberth (1835–1925) in 1880, and their presence in pairs was noted by C. Talmon in 1882. The bacterium was isolated by a German physician, Albert Fraenkel (1848–1916) of Berlin in 1886 and was named Diplococcus pneumoniae, before its name was changed to Streptococcus pneumoniae, commonly called pneumococcus Another diplococcus with Gram-negative properties was isolated from six patients with acute cerebrospinal meningitis by Anton Weichselbaum (1845–1920) of Vienna in 1887. Fie named it Diplococcus intracellularis meningitides. Weichselbaum and von Lingles-hiem of Germany independently established this organism as a cause of meningitis in 1905.
A novel vaccine to prevent meningococcal disease beyond the first year of life: an early review of MenACYW-TT
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Federico Martinón-Torres, Isabelle Bertrand-Gerentes, Philipp Oster
Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), whose primary clinical presentations include meningitis and bacteremia, is caused by the Gram-negative diplococcus Neisseria meningitidis and occurs globally in both epidemic and endemic forms [1,2]. Untreated IMD is frequently fatal within a few hours (with fatality rates ranging between 8% and 15% globally even with timely treatment), and a fifth of all survivors face debilitating sequelae including disability resulting from the need for limb amputations, brain damage, and impaired hearing [2–6]. Although the risk of IMD is highest in infants and young children under 5 years of age [7], smaller peaks of incidence are evident among adolescents and adults ≥65 years of age [8,9], with case-fatality rates being highest among adults ≥65 years of age [3,9]. The risk of meningococcal disease is also many fold higher in individuals with inherited or acquired deficiencies within the complement system (specifically, deficiencies in components of the lectin pathway such as deficiency of the recognition molecule mannan-binding lectin [MBL] or late complement component deficiency [LCCD]) [10–13] and in those with functional or anatomic asplenia or hyposplenia [14,15].
Encephalitis lethargica in Peru
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2021
Santiago Stucchi-Portocarrero, Miguel Humberto Tomas-Miranda
Furthermore, there are several works on encephalitis lethargica in Argentina, such as that of Krebs,1Despite his publication in an Argentinian journal, Édouard Krebs was a French neurologist (Bibliothèque Nationale de France 2020). on symptoms, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment; Petrocchi and Harday, whose contribution consists of a historical review and a case report with details on the clinical picture and laboratory findings, and Dessy and Grapiolo, who detailed the isolation of a diplococcus from the blood culture of a case of encephalitis lethargica and compared it with similar findings in cases of influenza (Society of American Bacteriologists 1921). Other contributions, especially in the form of case reports, came from authors such as Echevarría, Navarro, Carrula, Martini and Berterini, Viton, and Destéfano, who in 1920 outlined “a case of encephalitis lethargica in its myoclonic form, with parkinsonian syndrome” to the Argentinian Medical Association (reported in Leite-Filho, 1920a, 9).
Prevalence of bacterial pneumonia among HIV-Seropositive patients in East Africa: Review
Published in Cogent Medicine, 2021
Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the most important causative agent of pneumonia of respiratory tract infection and their co-existence in immunocompromised patients; especially those who are HIV positive have been documented. More than 60% bacterial pneumonia in adults is accounted by S. pneumoniae who require hospitalization. It is a gram-positive diplococcus with thick capsule, which is responsible for the organism’s virulence. In human immunodeficiency virus infected individuals, S. pneumoniae infections have emerged as an important cause of morbidity and mortality (Feldman & Anderson, 2016; Staitieh & Guidot, 2014). The incidence of HIV-associated pneumonias has decreased following the introduction of antiretroviral treatment (ART) but, in HIV-infected individuals, bacterial pneumonia became the most frequent infection (Conklin et al., 2015). Transmission is common from person-to-person through respiratory secretions, particularly within families and other groups in which people are in close contact (Yoshimine et al., 2001).