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Factors Affecting the Microflora of the Lower Genital Tract of Healthy Women
Published in Michael J. Hill, Philip D. Marsh, Human Microbial Ecology, 2020
Numerous other facultative anaerobic bacteria have been reported (Table 2) but the most prevalent are coagulase-negative staphylococci6,10,14,15,22,23 and streptococci.10,14,13,22 It has been assumed, although there is little conclusive information, that the term coagulase-negative staphylococci encompasses primarily Staphylococcus epidermidis but also other species such as S. saphrophyticus. Rarely has full speciation been attempted and it is, therefore, better to consider these species as a group. S. aureus has been found in less than 5% of healthy women.6,10 Of the β-hemolytic streptococci, group B has been found most frequently. It is uncommon to fmd reports of group A strains. There are many studies that show the presence of α - and nonhemolytic strains, although the prevalence has varied from 14 to 27 %.10,14
Microorganisms
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Louise Jayne Clark, Adam J Donne, R James A England, Hisham M Mehanna, Gerald William McGarry, Sean Carrie, Basic Sciences Endocrine Surgery Rhinology, 2018
Ursula Altmeyer, Penelope Redding, Nitish Khanna
There are several species of coagulase negative staphylococci. Most are skin commensals with low pathogenic potential, although they are able to cause indolent infections of intravascular devices and implants. An exception to this is Staphylococcus lugdunensis, which although coagulase negative, produces infections which present clinically much like infections with Staphylococcus aureus.
An Overview of Microbes Pathogenic for Humans
Published in Nancy Khardori, Bench to Bedside, 2018
Eric Lehrer, James Radike, Nancy Khardori
Staphylococcus aureus is the most virulent and best studied species of this genus. According to the National Healthcare Safety Network data, S. aureus was the most frequently reported pathogen in healthcare- associated infections in 2009 and 2010 (Sievert et al. 2013). One of the defining features of this bacterium is its ability to produce the enzyme coagulase, which is capable of converting fibrinogen to fibrin. Therefore, a coagulase test is often utilized to differentiate S. aureus from other members of the Staphylococcus genus. Additionally, coagulase acts as a virulence factor by blocking phagocytosis by immune cells (Fry 2013). Many of the other pathogenic/opportunistic members of this genus are often referred to as “coagulase negative staphylococci”.
A cost minimisation analysis comparing oral linezolid and intravenous daptomycin administered via an outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy programme in patients requiring prolonged antibiotic courses
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2023
There are two independent systematic reviews addressing linezolid usage in prosthetic joint infection. The more recent published by Theil et al. in 2020 examined 16 studies with a total of 372 patients [48]. Notably 46% of the infections were due to resistant coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) which accounted for a large proportion of infections in the local cohort of patients from whom we gathered data (Table 2). Treatment strategies consisted of both implant retention and removal. Overall infection control was achieved in 80%. The other review was published in 2014. There were a total of 293 patients in their analysis and they found cure rates of 79.9% overall, with 94% in patients whom the implant was removed and 69.9% in instances where it was retained [49]. Both analyses concluded that linezolid is a good treatment option for infections of this nature with cure rates comparable to better studied therapies.
Longevity of hand sanitisers on fingers
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2023
Parthasarathi Kalaiselvan, Muhammad Yasir, Ajay Kumar Vijay, Mark DP Willcox, Shyam Tummanapalli
The number of bacteria on fingers was variable, as can be seen in Table 4. There was no statistically significant difference in the numbers of microbes isolated from fingers after use of a particular hand sanitiser on the different cross-over occasions, and therefore the data for each hand sanitiser is provided. The effect of each hand sanitiser over time on the number of bacteria isolated from the fingers of the participants is given in Figure 1. All the bacteria that were isolated were identified as coagulase negative staphylococci. All participants were university staff or students, and resumed their normal day-to-day activities after use of the hand wash which consisted mostly (90% of participants) of computer use. As there were two few fungi isolated from fingers for a meaningful statistical analysis, all microbial data were combined. All p values presented are Bonferroni corrected.
Hand carriage, antimicrobial resistance and molecular characterisation of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from gynaecological surgical staff
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
An international cohort study reported the non-susceptibility profile of CoNS that were recovered from surgeons, including penicillin (81.4%), erythromycin (39.3%), tetracycline (28%), cefoxitin (26.6%), clindamycin (23.6%), levofloxacin (10.6%), gentamicin (6.3%) and linezolid (0.1%) (Morgenstern et al.2016). In this study, the non-susceptibility profile of erythromycin (80%), cefoxitin (40%) and clindamycin (60%) were higher than that in the international cohort study. In contrast, the non-susceptibility profile of penicillin (67%), tetracycline (13%), levofloxacin (6.7%), gentamicin (0%) and linezolid (0%) was lower than that in cohort report (Morgenstern et al.2016). In this study, 75 (94%) CoNS were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and only 5 (6%) isolates were fully susceptible. Coagulase-negative staphylococci is one of the most prevalent normal flora of the skin and could not be removed from the human body (Grice and Segre 2011). However, the high multi-resistant CoNS incidence in gynaecological surgeons and surgical assistants is a disturbing finding, and the hand carriage of multi-drug resistant staphylococci in gynaecological surgical staff may have a harmful impact on vulnerable neonates and mothers.